In surgical diagnosis and treatment,the perioperative period is a comprehensive diagnosis and treatment process,including the rational application of antibiotics,nutrition management,pain management,blood pressure,blood sugar man-agement,and other processes.Perioperative pharmaceutical care has become one of the innovative fields of pharmaceutical care.In order to ensure the work and service quality of perioperative pharmaceutical care,the preparation team of perioperative pharmaceu-tical care standards takes scientific,universal,and practical principles as the basic principles,reviews the key points and difficul-ties from the three aspects of relevant national policy documents,relevant domestic and foreign standards and norms,and literature analysis,and combines the actual situation of perioperative pharmaceutical care.This pharmaceutical care standard was formulated after several rounds of opinion solicitation and expert argumentation.This paper analyzes the key contents of the standard,inclu-ding the basic requirements,service process,quality control,and evaluation and improvement of perioperative pharmaceutical care,so as to provide reference suggestions for medical structure managers and pharmacists who carry out perioperative pharma-ceutical care to deeply understand and practice this standard,so as to improve perioperative pharmaceutical care.

In surgical diagnosis and treatment,the perioperative period is a comprehensive diagnosis and treatment process,including the rational application of antibiotics,nutrition management,pain management,blood pressure,blood sugar man-agement,and other processes.Perioperative pharmaceutical care has become one of the innovative fields of pharmaceutical care.In order to ensure the work and service quality of perioperative pharmaceutical care,the preparation team of perioperative pharmaceu-tical care standards takes scientific,universal,and practical principles as the basic principles,reviews the key points and difficul-ties from the three aspects of relevant national policy documents,relevant domestic and foreign standards and norms,and literature analysis,and combines the actual situation of perioperative pharmaceutical care.This pharmaceutical care standard was formulated after several rounds of opinion solicitation and expert argumentation.This paper analyzes the key contents of the standard,inclu-ding the basic requirements,service process,quality control,and evaluation and improvement of perioperative pharmaceutical care,so as to provide reference suggestions for medical structure managers and pharmacists who carry out perioperative pharma-ceutical care to deeply understand and practice this standard,so as to improve perioperative pharmaceutical care.

To investigate the effect of miR-802 on insulin secretion by islet β cells and its mechanism, miR-802 was overexpressed or knocked down in primary islet cells and Min6 cells via transfecting miR-802 mimic and miR-802 inhibitor, respectively. The effect of miR-802 on insulin secretion was detected by ELISA. The target gene of miR-802 was confirmed by miRNA target gene database prediction, luciferase report and Western blot. The function recovery experiment was carried out to clarify the mechanism of miR-802 regulating β cell secretion of insulin. The results showed that overexpression of miR-802 in islet primary cells and Min6 cells inhibited insulin secretion. qPCR and Western blot showed that miR-802 inhibited insulin secretion by inhibiting the transcription and translation of the target gene, hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β(Hnf1B).

OBJECTIVE：To provide reference for improving the pharmaceutical care in China. METHODs ：By comparing the development history ，training contents and status quo of the standardized training system of resident pharmacists in Beijing and clinical pharmacists in China ，combining with policy guidance of the current development trend of clinical pharmacy ，the regins were discussed to optimize the mode of standardization training for inpatient pharmacists in Beijing. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS：Standardized training for resident pharmacists in Beijing was a compulsory post-graduate education for pharmacists in Beijing hospitals. Post training of clinical pharmacists mainly focused on post-graduate education ，and the main training content was the practical ability of pharmacists in clinical pharmacy ，could be divided to general clinical pharmacists and specialized clinical pharmacists. The standardized training for resident pharmacists in Beijing consisted of two stages ，the first stage was general skills training ，the second stage was specialized skills training. The training content and rotation department of clinical pharmacy in the first stage were similar to post training of general clinical pharmacists in China ，and the training assessment required was more workload for trainees ，but it was not the key point of completion assessment for standardized training of resident pharmacists. During 2015-2017，154 trainees completed the training in Beijing and participated in the second stage completion examination of the standardized training of the resident pharmacists. At the same time ，43 trainees（27.92％）participated in the training of clinical pharmacists. 228 trainees participated in the training of clinical pharmacists in Beijing during the same period ， and showed an increasing trend ；most of them had passed the Beijing standardized training for resident pharmacists. It is suggested that the standardized training of resident pharmacists in Beijing can absorb the advantages of post training of clinical pharmacists. In the first stage of training ，the post training of general clinical pharmacists should be carried out at the same time. The post training of specialized clinical pharmacists can be included in the two-stage training of inpatient pharmacists.

Objective To explore the role of chronic disease management led by clinical pharmacists in preventing medication errors in discharged elderly patients with hypertension.Methods The subjects were selected from hypertensive patients aged 60-85 years and hospitalized in Department of Cardiology,Beijing Jishuitan Hospital from March 2016 to September 2017.The patients were selected at admission and their basic information were recorded,including gender,age,mode of payment,education level,occupation,and type of combined chronic diseases.The patients were given homogeneous pharmaceutical care by clinical pharmacists during hospitalization and randomly divided into the intervention group and the control group when discharged.After discharge,they were followed up for 24 weeks.The patients in the intervention group were followed up once every 2 weeks from the 1st to the 12th week and once every 4 weeks from the 13th to the 24th week after discharge.The patients in the control group were followed up only once at the end of the 12th and the 24th week after discharge.The follow-up contents included the blood pressure,blood glucose,blood lipids,and other laboratory tests results,name and usage of all the drugs used,on-time medication condition,occurrence of adverse drug reactions,changes in lifestyle,and etc.If the patients were found to have medication errors,the time of error discovery,the content,level,and frequency of the error,and the classification of the drug involved were recorded in a special form.The clinical pharmacists provided individualized medication guidance to patients during the follow-up and gave timely intervention after discovering the medication errors.Results Forty patients in the intervention group and 44 patients in the control group were entered in the study.There were no significant differences in baseline information between the 2 groups (all P ≥ 0.05).During the 24 weeks of follow-up,medication errors were found in 20 patients in the intervention group and 12 patients in the control group.The difference in detection rate of medication errors between the 2 groups was significant [50.0％ (20/40) vs.27.3％ (12/44),x2 =0.043,P =0.032].A total of 50 cases of medication errors were found in the 2 groups,including 34 (68.0％) in the intervention group and 16 (32.0％) in the control group.During the first 12 weeks of follow-up,31 cases of medication errors (91.2％) in the intervention group and 8 cases (50.0％)in the control group were found by pharmacists,and the difference was statistically significant (P =0.002).The difference in the proportion of different medication errors classification between the 2 groups was not significant (P ＞0.05).The drug omission was with the highest proportion in the 2 groups [47.1％ (16/34) in the intervention group and 31.2％ (5/16) in the control group].Among 50 cases of medication errors,49 (98.0％) were defined as level 2 errors (with mistake,but no harm),including 20 cases of grade C errors and 29 cases of grade D errors;1 (2.0％) was defined as level 3 (with mistake and harm) and grade F error.After the intervention of clinical pharmacists,all the level 2 errors were corrected.Level 3 errors led to re-hospitalization of patients.After pharmacists and physicians emphasized the importance of taking medicine according to doctor's orders again,patients did not make medication errors again.There are 8 categories and 22 kinds of drugs involved in medication errors,including antiplatelet,antihypertensive,hypolipidemic,hypoglycemics,anti-gout,antiarrhythmic,anticoagulant,and anti-angina drugs.Conclusion Chronic disease management led by clinical pharmacists is helpful to find and correct the medication errors timely in discharged elderly patients with hypertension.

Objective To explore the role of chronic disease management led by clinical pharmacists in preventing medication errors in discharged elderly patients with hypertension.Methods The subjects were selected from hypertensive patients aged 60-85 years and hospitalized in Department of Cardiology,Beijing Jishuitan Hospital from March 2016 to September 2017.The patients were selected at admission and their basic information were recorded,including gender,age,mode of payment,education level,occupation,and type of combined chronic diseases.The patients were given homogeneous pharmaceutical care by clinical pharmacists during hospitalization and randomly divided into the intervention group and the control group when discharged.After discharge,they were followed up for 24 weeks.The patients in the intervention group were followed up once every 2 weeks from the 1st to the 12th week and once every 4 weeks from the 13th to the 24th week after discharge.The patients in the control group were followed up only once at the end of the 12th and the 24th week after discharge.The follow-up contents included the blood pressure,blood glucose,blood lipids,and other laboratory tests results,name and usage of all the drugs used,on-time medication condition,occurrence of adverse drug reactions,changes in lifestyle,and etc.If the patients were found to have medication errors,the time of error discovery,the content,level,and frequency of the error,and the classification of the drug involved were recorded in a special form.The clinical pharmacists provided individualized medication guidance to patients during the follow-up and gave timely intervention after discovering the medication errors.Results Forty patients in the intervention group and 44 patients in the control group were entered in the study.There were no significant differences in baseline information between the 2 groups (all P ≥ 0.05).During the 24 weeks of follow-up,medication errors were found in 20 patients in the intervention group and 12 patients in the control group.The difference in detection rate of medication errors between the 2 groups was significant [50.0％ (20/40) vs.27.3％ (12/44),x2 =0.043,P =0.032].A total of 50 cases of medication errors were found in the 2 groups,including 34 (68.0％) in the intervention group and 16 (32.0％) in the control group.During the first 12 weeks of follow-up,31 cases of medication errors (91.2％) in the intervention group and 8 cases (50.0％)in the control group were found by pharmacists,and the difference was statistically significant (P =0.002).The difference in the proportion of different medication errors classification between the 2 groups was not significant (P ＞0.05).The drug omission was with the highest proportion in the 2 groups [47.1％ (16/34) in the intervention group and 31.2％ (5/16) in the control group].Among 50 cases of medication errors,49 (98.0％) were defined as level 2 errors (with mistake,but no harm),including 20 cases of grade C errors and 29 cases of grade D errors;1 (2.0％) was defined as level 3 (with mistake and harm) and grade F error.After the intervention of clinical pharmacists,all the level 2 errors were corrected.Level 3 errors led to re-hospitalization of patients.After pharmacists and physicians emphasized the importance of taking medicine according to doctor's orders again,patients did not make medication errors again.There are 8 categories and 22 kinds of drugs involved in medication errors,including antiplatelet,antihypertensive,hypolipidemic,hypoglycemics,anti-gout,antiarrhythmic,anticoagulant,and anti-angina drugs.Conclusion Chronic disease management led by clinical pharmacists is helpful to find and correct the medication errors timely in discharged elderly patients with hypertension.

Objective To understand the clinical characteristics of daptomycin induced rhabdomyolysis.Methods PubMed, Elsevier Science Direct, Embase, Springer-link, Wiley Online Library, CNKI, and Wanfang Data (to January 2017) were searched and case reports on daptomycin induced rhabdomyolysis were collected.Data related to rhabdomyolysis induced by daptomycin were analyzed descriptively.Relevance evaluation of case reports in accordance with inclusion criteria were performed.Results A total of 10 patients with rhabdomyolysis induced by daptomycin were collected.Of 10 patients, 8 cases′s gender were recorded, including 3 males and 5 females.Their ages were 34 to 70 years and the average age was 54 years.There were no muscle pain or discomfort history in all patients.Daptomycin dosage in 4 patients (5~6 mg·kg-1·24 h-1) did not exceed the maximum dosage recommended in instructions;daptomycin dosage in 6 patients (7.2 mg·kg-1·48 h-1, 8 mg·kg-1·24 h-1, 6 mg·kg-1·12 h-1, 10 mg·kg-1·24 h-1 and 6.5 mg·kg-1·24 h-1) were higher than that recommended in instructions;daptomycin dosage in 1 patient was 500 mg·24 h-1 (the dosage could not be evaluated because of no body weight record).The time of rhabdomyolysis occurrence after daptomycin treatment was 2-16 days and the average time was 8 days.As the main clinical manifestations, 8 patients had myalgia, 6 patients had muscular weakness, and 2 patients had myoglobulinuria;serum CK levels were all abnormally elevated to 1 754-25 234 U/L with an average level of (13 044±8 351) U/L.Combination drugs in 9 patients were recorded;of them, the kinds of combination drugs were 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 drugs in 2, 2, 2, 1, and 2 patients, respectively.The combination drugs included antilipemic, antibiotics, antidiabetic agents, antiviral drugs and etc.Daptomycin was stopped after rhabdomyolysis occurrence, symptomatic treatments were given;5-18 days later, serum CK levels normalized in 4 patients, and 3-14 days later, serum CK levels decreased to some degrees (from 1 754-25 234 U/L to 125-7 647 U/L) in 5 patients;serum CK level normalized in 1 patient and the time was not mentioned.Symptoms were improved 5-14 days after daptomycin withdrawal in 3 patients and the improvement time was not mentioned in 7 patients.Relevance evaluation of adverse reactions were probably in 9 patients and possible in 1 patient.The rhabdomyolysis occurrence was related to frequency of administration in 2 patients.Conclusions Daptomycin alone or combined with other drugs may cause rhabdomyolysis.The frequency of administration is likely to be a risk factor.Stopping daptomycin and giving symptomatic treatments could improve symptoms and the serum CK levels may return to normal or markedly decrease within about 2 weeks.

Objective To understand the clinical characteristics of daptomycin induced rhabdomyolysis.Methods PubMed, Elsevier Science Direct, Embase, Springer-link, Wiley Online Library, CNKI, and Wanfang Data (to January 2017) were searched and case reports on daptomycin induced rhabdomyolysis were collected.Data related to rhabdomyolysis induced by daptomycin were analyzed descriptively.Relevance evaluation of case reports in accordance with inclusion criteria were performed.Results A total of 10 patients with rhabdomyolysis induced by daptomycin were collected.Of 10 patients, 8 cases′s gender were recorded, including 3 males and 5 females.Their ages were 34 to 70 years and the average age was 54 years.There were no muscle pain or discomfort history in all patients.Daptomycin dosage in 4 patients (5~6 mg·kg-1·24 h-1) did not exceed the maximum dosage recommended in instructions;daptomycin dosage in 6 patients (7.2 mg·kg-1·48 h-1, 8 mg·kg-1·24 h-1, 6 mg·kg-1·12 h-1, 10 mg·kg-1·24 h-1 and 6.5 mg·kg-1·24 h-1) were higher than that recommended in instructions;daptomycin dosage in 1 patient was 500 mg·24 h-1 (the dosage could not be evaluated because of no body weight record).The time of rhabdomyolysis occurrence after daptomycin treatment was 2-16 days and the average time was 8 days.As the main clinical manifestations, 8 patients had myalgia, 6 patients had muscular weakness, and 2 patients had myoglobulinuria;serum CK levels were all abnormally elevated to 1 754-25 234 U/L with an average level of (13 044±8 351) U/L.Combination drugs in 9 patients were recorded;of them, the kinds of combination drugs were 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 drugs in 2, 2, 2, 1, and 2 patients, respectively.The combination drugs included antilipemic, antibiotics, antidiabetic agents, antiviral drugs and etc.Daptomycin was stopped after rhabdomyolysis occurrence, symptomatic treatments were given;5-18 days later, serum CK levels normalized in 4 patients, and 3-14 days later, serum CK levels decreased to some degrees (from 1 754-25 234 U/L to 125-7 647 U/L) in 5 patients;serum CK level normalized in 1 patient and the time was not mentioned.Symptoms were improved 5-14 days after daptomycin withdrawal in 3 patients and the improvement time was not mentioned in 7 patients.Relevance evaluation of adverse reactions were probably in 9 patients and possible in 1 patient.The rhabdomyolysis occurrence was related to frequency of administration in 2 patients.Conclusions Daptomycin alone or combined with other drugs may cause rhabdomyolysis.The frequency of administration is likely to be a risk factor.Stopping daptomycin and giving symptomatic treatments could improve symptoms and the serum CK levels may return to normal or markedly decrease within about 2 weeks.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the situation of the minimum sales package unit,and to provide reference for standardiz-ing package. METHODS:According to related regulations of New Edited Materia Medica(17th edition)and package inserts,373 kinds of oral drugs,57 kinds of oral drugs for lowering blood glucose,blood lipid and blood pressure,6 kinds of second kind psy-chotropic oral drugs were analyzed statistically in respect of minimum sales package unit and medication duration. RESULTS:There were 30 kinds of minimum sale package unit for 373 oral drugs,among which common capacity were 20,10,100 grain/tab-let/pill,accounting for 14.21%,14.21%,12.33% respectively,and 57.11% were used within 7 d. There were 13 kinds of mini-mum sale package unit for 57 oral drugs for lowering blood glucose,blood lipid and blood pressure,among which the common ca-pacity were 7,30,14,10 grain/tablet/pill,accounting for 33.34%,14.04%,14.04%,14.04% respectively,and 85.97% were used within 14 d,indicating sales package unit often based on weekly dosage. Among 6 kinds of type Ⅱ psychotropic oral drugs, minimum sales package unit capacity of 3 kinds were all 20 grain/tablet/pill,and those of other 3 kinds were 10,7,6 grain/tablet/pill;one of them were used more than 7 d. CONCLUSIONS:Minimum sales package unit is confirmed discretionarily. It is sug-gested that minimum sale package unit of oral drugs for lowering blood glucose,blood lipid and blood pressure should be packaged according to the dosage of 2 weeks to one nonth;the capacity of type Ⅱ psychotropic oral drugs is lower than the dosage of 7 days,and daily dose package is the best.

0.05), which were both lower than those in the normal control group (P