Sarcopenia can significantly increase the risk of multiple adverse outcomes in older individuals, making it one of the most important geriatric syndromes.Previous research has investigated the association between respiratory muscle and sarcopenia, with evidence suggesting that sarcopenia may lead to respiratory sarcopenia, even respiratory sarcopenia disability.Respiratory sarcopenia is also related to the aggravation tendency, poor prognosis, and short survival periods.The diaphragm is a vital respiratory muscle, which provides a key link with the respiratory daily activities and susceptibility to diseases.The function of the diaphragm constitutes an essential criterion for the diagnosis of respiratory sarcopenia.The purpose of this article is to review the relevant assessment of diaphragm function and the current diagnosis and treatment status of respiratory sarcopenia.

Sarcopenia can significantly increase the risk of multiple adverse outcomes in older individuals, making it one of the most important geriatric syndromes.Previous research has investigated the association between respiratory muscle and sarcopenia, with evidence suggesting that sarcopenia may lead to respiratory sarcopenia, even respiratory sarcopenia disability.Respiratory sarcopenia is also related to the aggravation tendency, poor prognosis, and short survival periods.The diaphragm is a vital respiratory muscle, which provides a key link with the respiratory daily activities and susceptibility to diseases.The function of the diaphragm constitutes an essential criterion for the diagnosis of respiratory sarcopenia.The purpose of this article is to review the relevant assessment of diaphragm function and the current diagnosis and treatment status of respiratory sarcopenia.

Sarcopenia is one of the most common diseases of elderly patients which can affect the physical function and quality of life.Elderly patients not only have high prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, but also have complex polypharmacy.As a result, the risk of antidiabetic agents related skeleton muscle damage and sarcopenia will increase significantly.Therefore, it is extremely important to identify and try to avoid the use of related drugs in the elderly.This article reviewed the types of antidiabetic drugs and mechanism likely leading to sarcopenia, as well as the intervention methods and drug management, to promote the prevention and control of the morbidity of sarcopenia in the elderly and improve the level of rational drug use.

Sarcopenia is one of the most common diseases of elderly patients which can affect the physical function and quality of life.Elderly patients not only have high prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, but also have complex polypharmacy.As a result, the risk of antidiabetic agents related skeleton muscle damage and sarcopenia will increase significantly.Therefore, it is extremely important to identify and try to avoid the use of related drugs in the elderly.This article reviewed the types of antidiabetic drugs and mechanism likely leading to sarcopenia, as well as the intervention methods and drug management, to promote the prevention and control of the morbidity of sarcopenia in the elderly and improve the level of rational drug use.

Objective:To investigate the multi-sites high frequency ultrasound features of rectus diastasis (RD) in early postpartum women and their relationships with different delivery modes.Methods:Total of 571 primiparas who gave birth in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University Medical College from March to May 2020 and underwent 6-week postpartum examination were chosen, they were divided into vaginal delivery group (336 cases) and the cesarean section group (235 cases). The inter-rectus distance(IRD) of five loci (umbilical on 4.5 cm, umbilical on 3 cm, umbilical edge, edge of umbilical, umbilical down 3 cm) at resting state and two loci (umbilical edge, edge of umbilical) at curling state as well as the rectus thickness on the right side of umbilical level were observed by high frequency ultrasound. The impacts of the two delivery modes on IRD at each site and the changes of IRD under the two conditions were analyzed. Spearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between the thickness of rectus abdominis and IRD at each site.Results:The incidence of early postpartum RD was 79.7% (455/571), most of which occurring at 3 cm above the umbilicus and the umbilicus levels. At resting state, the IRDs at the 5 loci of vaginal delivery group were (1.62±0.79)cm, (2.03±0.84)cm, (2.65±0.94)cm, (2.09±0.93)cm, and 0.54(0.00, 1.13)cm respectively, while the IRDs at 5 loci of the cesarean section group were (1.75±0.85)cm, (2.26±0.99)cm, (2.99±1.14)cm, (2.57±1.21)cm, and 1.00(0.41, 1.59)cm, with statistical differences at all the levels between groups ( P<0.05). Under the curling state, the IRDs at the 2 loci of vaginal delivery group were (2.10±0.84)cm and (1.66±0.86)cm respectively, while the IRDs at the 2 loci of cesarean section group were (2.28±0.87)cm and (1.91±0.87)cm, with statistical differences between groups( P<0.05). The incidences of increased IRD when compared between resting and curling states at the upper and lower umbilicus in the vaginal delivery group were 16.1% and 26.5%, with 17.4% and 20.4% in the cesarean section group. At the resting state, there was a significant difference in the thickness of rectus abdominis between the vaginal delivery and cesarean section groups [(0.74±0.12)cm vs (0.67±0.12)cm, P<0.05]. At the curling state, the difference between two groups was statistically significant [(1.11±0.23)cm vs (0.99±0.22)cm, P<0.05]. The thickness of rectus abdominis was negatively correlated with IRD(all the 5 loci at resting state, rs=-0.116, -0.140, -0.185, -0.143, -0.144, all P<0.01; and the upper umbilical loci at curling state, rs=-0.091, P<0.05). There was no significant correlation between the thickness of rectus abdominis and IRD at the lower umbilical edge at the curling state ( P>0.05). Conclusions:High frequency ultrasound can evaluate the morphological characteristics of the abdominal rectus muscle in early postpartum stage. Compared with vaginal delivery, rectus abdominis thickness, the IRD is larger in cesarean section primiparas, but less affected by the curling state.

Poria cocos,Cortex Poriae,Polyporusumbellatusand Alisma orientalisare common tra-ditionaI Chinese diuretic medicines. According to reported Iiterature,P.cocostriterpenes and poIysaccha-rides,steroids and tetracycIic triterpenes are the main chemicaI components of P.cocos,its epidermis, Pol.umbellatusand A.orientalis,respectiveIy. most of these diuretic drugs contain tetracycIic triterpenes and steroids,which have a simiIar structure to aIdosterone nucIeus structure. Therefore,this characteris-tic may reveaI their diuretic mechanisms. The tetracycIic triterpenes and steroids may exert diuretic effect through competitive inhibition of aIdosterone receptors in different parts of tubuIar reabsorption to increase urine output. The present articIe reviewed the chemicaI components of these diuretic Chinese medicines. Furthermore,their bioactive components and action mechanisms were aIso anaIyzed and discussed.