OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid(NMDA)receptor in the secondary visual cortex(V2)on methamphetamine-associated contextual learning and memory.METHODS With male C57BL/6J mice as subjects and using the mouse conditioned place preference(CPP)experiment,the scores of CPP were observed after microinjection of NMDA receptor selective antagonist D-AP5(0.5 μg per side)into the bilateral V2 during the formation phase,single microinjec-tion of D-AP5(0.5 μg per side)into the bilateral V2 prior to the expression test,and methamphetamine(0.5 mg·kg-1,ip)-induced reactivation test and methamphetamine-associated contextual-induced reacti-vation test,to evaluate the effect of NMDA receptors on the formation,expression and reinstatement of methamphetamine-induced CPP.RESULTS Compared with the control group,microinjection of D-AP5(0.5 μg per side)into the bilateral V2 during the formation phase did not have significant inhibitory effect on CPP scores,nor did single microinjection of D-AP5(0.5 μg per side)into the bilateral V2 prior to the expression test,single microinjection of D-AP5(0.5 μg per side)into the bilateral V2 prior to metham-phetamine(0.5 mg·kg-1,ip)-induced reactivation test or single microinjection of D-AP5(0.5 μg per side)into the bilateral V2 prior to methamphetamine-associated contextual-induced reactivation test.CONCLU-SION The NMDA receptor in the V2 is not involved in the formation,expression and reactivation of meth-amphetamine-associated contextual learning and memory.

As the use of nursing information systems (NIS) in clinical nursing practice has proliferated, NIS education has received increased attention. This paper introduces the background and research form of NIS in nursing education at home and abroad, and summarizes the deficiencies in the application and puts forward suggestions, in order to provide references for the subsequent development of a high-quality system and the development of courses that fit the actual situation of nursing students in China.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effects of hydroxytyrosol hydroxybutyrate(HTHB)against cognitive impairment induced by acute sleep deprivation in mice and to explore the underlying mechanisms.METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were assigned to the following groups:normal control,normal groups administered with HTHB 30,60 and 120 mg·kg-1 or hydroxytyrosol(HT 19.25,38.5 and 77 mg·kg-1),a sleep deprivation(SD)model group,and SD groups co-administered with the same doses of HTHB or HT.Acute sleep deprivation was induced for 72-96 h using a rotarod apparatus in all groups except the normal control and normal drug-treated groups.Based on dose-response assess-ments in the Y-maze and novel object recognition tests,the effective doses(HTHB 60 mg·kg-1 and HT 38.5 mg·kg-1)were selected for subsequent evaluation in the two-choice visual discrimination task that was performed in a subset of groups:normal control,normal+HTHB 60 mg·kg-1,normal+HT 38.5 mg·kg1,SD model,SD+HTHB 60 mg·kg-1,and SD+HT 38.5 mg·kg-1.Cognitive functions that were assessed included spatial working memory(Y-maze spontaneous alternation),object recognition memory(novel object recognition)and visual discrimination ability(two-choice visual discrimination task).Biochemically,levels of hippocampal reactive oxygen species(ROS)were quantified by ELISA while the ATP content was determined using a firefly luciferase-based assay.RESULTS In non-sleep-deprived mice,neither HTHB nor HT administration significantly altered locomotor activity,spatial working memory,object recognition memory,or visual discrimination performance.Following sleep deprivation,the model group displayed significant cognitive deficits,including reduced spontaneous alternation rate,lower novel object recognition indexes,and decreased accuracy in the visual discrimination task at 48 and 96 h.These impairments were accompanied by elevated hippocampal ROS levels and reduced ATP contents com-pared to the control group.Treatment with HT 38.5 and 77 mg·kg-1 significantly attenuated the deficit in spontaneous alternation,but did not affect other parameters.In contrast,HTHB at 60 and 120 mg·kg-1 produced broader restorative effects and significantly reversed impairment in both spontaneous alterna-tion and novel object recognition.Furthermore,HTHB at 60 mg·kg-1 significantly improved visual discrimination accuracy at 48 and 96 h,while lowering hippocampal ROS levels and increasing ATP contents.CONCLUSION HTHB effectively mitigates acute sleep deprivation-induced impairment in spatial working memory,object recognition memory,and visual discrimination in mice.This protection is likely mediated by the enhancement of mitochondrial antioxidant capacity and the restoration of energy metabolism.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effects of hydroxytyrosol hydroxybutyrate(HTHB)against cognitive impairment induced by acute sleep deprivation in mice and to explore the underlying mechanisms.METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were assigned to the following groups:normal control,normal groups administered with HTHB 30,60 and 120 mg·kg-1 or hydroxytyrosol(HT 19.25,38.5 and 77 mg·kg-1),a sleep deprivation(SD)model group,and SD groups co-administered with the same doses of HTHB or HT.Acute sleep deprivation was induced for 72-96 h using a rotarod apparatus in all groups except the normal control and normal drug-treated groups.Based on dose-response assess-ments in the Y-maze and novel object recognition tests,the effective doses(HTHB 60 mg·kg-1 and HT 38.5 mg·kg-1)were selected for subsequent evaluation in the two-choice visual discrimination task that was performed in a subset of groups:normal control,normal+HTHB 60 mg·kg-1,normal+HT 38.5 mg·kg1,SD model,SD+HTHB 60 mg·kg-1,and SD+HT 38.5 mg·kg-1.Cognitive functions that were assessed included spatial working memory(Y-maze spontaneous alternation),object recognition memory(novel object recognition)and visual discrimination ability(two-choice visual discrimination task).Biochemically,levels of hippocampal reactive oxygen species(ROS)were quantified by ELISA while the ATP content was determined using a firefly luciferase-based assay.RESULTS In non-sleep-deprived mice,neither HTHB nor HT administration significantly altered locomotor activity,spatial working memory,object recognition memory,or visual discrimination performance.Following sleep deprivation,the model group displayed significant cognitive deficits,including reduced spontaneous alternation rate,lower novel object recognition indexes,and decreased accuracy in the visual discrimination task at 48 and 96 h.These impairments were accompanied by elevated hippocampal ROS levels and reduced ATP contents com-pared to the control group.Treatment with HT 38.5 and 77 mg·kg-1 significantly attenuated the deficit in spontaneous alternation,but did not affect other parameters.In contrast,HTHB at 60 and 120 mg·kg-1 produced broader restorative effects and significantly reversed impairment in both spontaneous alterna-tion and novel object recognition.Furthermore,HTHB at 60 mg·kg-1 significantly improved visual discrimination accuracy at 48 and 96 h,while lowering hippocampal ROS levels and increasing ATP contents.CONCLUSION HTHB effectively mitigates acute sleep deprivation-induced impairment in spatial working memory,object recognition memory,and visual discrimination in mice.This protection is likely mediated by the enhancement of mitochondrial antioxidant capacity and the restoration of energy metabolism.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid(NMDA)receptor in the secondary visual cortex(V2)on methamphetamine-associated contextual learning and memory.METHODS With male C57BL/6J mice as subjects and using the mouse conditioned place preference(CPP)experiment,the scores of CPP were observed after microinjection of NMDA receptor selective antagonist D-AP5(0.5 μg per side)into the bilateral V2 during the formation phase,single microinjec-tion of D-AP5(0.5 μg per side)into the bilateral V2 prior to the expression test,and methamphetamine(0.5 mg·kg-1,ip)-induced reactivation test and methamphetamine-associated contextual-induced reacti-vation test,to evaluate the effect of NMDA receptors on the formation,expression and reinstatement of methamphetamine-induced CPP.RESULTS Compared with the control group,microinjection of D-AP5(0.5 μg per side)into the bilateral V2 during the formation phase did not have significant inhibitory effect on CPP scores,nor did single microinjection of D-AP5(0.5 μg per side)into the bilateral V2 prior to the expression test,single microinjection of D-AP5(0.5 μg per side)into the bilateral V2 prior to metham-phetamine(0.5 mg·kg-1,ip)-induced reactivation test or single microinjection of D-AP5(0.5 μg per side)into the bilateral V2 prior to methamphetamine-associated contextual-induced reactivation test.CONCLU-SION The NMDA receptor in the V2 is not involved in the formation,expression and reactivation of meth-amphetamine-associated contextual learning and memory.

As the use of nursing information systems (NIS) in clinical nursing practice has proliferated, NIS education has received increased attention. This paper introduces the background and research form of NIS in nursing education at home and abroad, and summarizes the deficiencies in the application and puts forward suggestions, in order to provide references for the subsequent development of a high-quality system and the development of courses that fit the actual situation of nursing students in China.

Objective To investigate the liver disease phenotypes and clinical features of patients with different genotypes of Wilson's disease(WD).Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for 163 patients with WD who were diagnosed and underwent genetic testing in The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from August 2008 to June 2023,and clinical manifestations,laboratory examination,pathological examination,imaging examination,and ATP7B genetic testing results were collected.According to ATP7B gene mutation,the patients were divided into groups as follows:R778L mutation group and non-R778L mutation group;P992L mutation group and non-P992L mutation group;truncation mutation group and non-truncation mutation group.Liver disease phenotypes and clinical features were analyzed for the patients with c.2333G>T/p.R778L mutation(R778L mutation),c.2975C>T/p.P992L mutation(P992L mutation),and truncation mutation of the ATP7B gene.The Mann-Whitney U test or the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for comparison of continuous data between groups,and the chi-square test or the Fisher's exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups.Results The 163 patients with WD had varying severities of liver disease phenotypes,among whom 121(74.23%)were diagnosed with chronic liver disease,36(22.09%)were diagnosed with decompensated cirrhosis,and 6(3.68%)were diagnosed with fulminant WD,and in addition,there were 5 patients(2 with chronic liver disease and 3 with decompensated cirrhosis)with neurological abnormalities.For the 163 patients with WD,R778L mutation(with an allele frequency of 28.2%)was the most common mutation in the ATP7B gene,followed by P992L mutation(with an allele frequency of 12.6%),and truncation mutation showed an allele frequency of 11.0%.There was no significant difference in the distribution of the three mutations across different liver disease phenotypes(P>0.05).The R778L mutation group had a significantly lower level of ceruloplasmin(CP)than the non-R778L mutation group[0.04(0.02-0.08)g/L vs 0.08(0.03-0.13)g/L,Z=-2.889,P=0.004].Compared with the non-P992L mutation group,the P992L mutation group had significantly higher levels of alanine aminotransferase[135.0(80.5-237.0)U/L vs 80.5(36.0-173.3)U/L,Z=2.684,P=0.007]and aspartate aminotransferase[121.4(77.0-195.0)U/L vs 84.0(39.0-123.3)U/L,Z=3.388,P<0.001].Compared with the non-truncation mutation group,the truncation mutation group had significantly lower levels of CP[0.03(0.02-0.08)g/L vs 0.06(0.03-0.11)g/L,Z=-3.136,P=0.002]and serum copper[3.20(2.15-5.00)mg/L vs 4.20(2.60-7.50)mg/L,Z=-2.296,P=0.025].Conclusion R778L mutation,P992L mutation and truncation mutation are not associated with liver disease phenotype in WD patients;however,R778L mutation is associated with a lower level of CP,P992L mutation is associated with higher levels of ALT and AST,and truncation mutation is associated with lower levels of CP and serum copper.

Objective:To deeply understand the inner experiences of undergraduate nursing interns using Nursing Information Systems (NIS) and provide references for formulating relevant intervention strategies.Methods:A descriptive phenomenological approach was adopted for this qualitative study. Purposeful sampling was used to select undergraduate nursing interns from four comprehensive hospitals in Hangzhou during February to May 2023 for semi-structured interviews. The interview data were analyzed using Colaizzi's seven-step method to extract themes.Results:Four themes were identified in this study: insufficient preparedness of undergraduate nursing interns in using NIS, low engagement of undergraduate nursing interns in using NIS, perceived benefits of using NIS by undergraduate nursing interns, and adaptation strategies of undergraduate nursing interns using NIS.Conclusions:There are issues such as insufficient preparedness and low engagement among undergraduate nursing interns in using NIS. Some respondents experience emotions such as anxiety, fatigue, and decreased enthusiasm. It is recommended that colleges and internship hospitals pay attention to the clinical work demands and the learning needs of nursing interns, thus providing education and support for the use of NIS.

Objective:To explore the research status of artificial intelligence in nursing in China, so as to provide reference for conducting research domestically.Methods:The relevant literature collected from January 1, 2003 to May 1, 2023 was searched on China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang Data, and VIP. CiteSpace and VOS viewer were used to visually analyze the research status, hotspots, and frontiers of artificial intelligence in nursing in China from the aspects of annual publication volume, region, institution, author, high-frequency keywords, and emerging words.Results:A total of 494 articles were included. In terms of publication volume, domestic research showed an overall upward trend, with publishing institutions mostly concentrated in economically developed and medically advanced regions. The authors of the articles often collaborated with research groups, with a co-authorship rate of 81.17% (401/494), but there was relatively little collaboration between groups. Research hotspots were focused on the application of artificial intelligence in geriatric nursing, rehabilitation nursing, Operating Rooms, and drug formulation, with a majority of research related to robots.Conclusions:The research enthusiasm in related fields in China is currently on the rise. Research on artificial intelligence in nursing management, nursing education, and psychological nursing can be strengthened, and the application of artificial intelligence can be enriched. At the same time, research institutions and personnel should strengthen mutual cooperation, and relevant national departments should improve laws and regulations to promote the vigorous development of this research field.