Biomolecular condensates are formed through phase separation of biomacromolecules such as proteins and RNAs. These condensates exhibit liquid-like properties that can futher transition into more stable material states. They form complex internal structures via multivalent weak interactions, enabling precise spatiotemporal regulations. However, the use of inconsistent and non-standardized terminology has become increasingly problematic, hindering academic exchange and the dissemination of scientific knowledge. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the terminology related to biomolecular condensates in order to clarify concepts, promote interdisciplinary cooperation, enhance research efficiency, and support the healthy development of this field.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains one of the leading causes of mortality among adults globally, with continuously rising morbidity and mortality rates. Metabolic disorders are closely linked to various cardiovascular diseases and play a critical role in their pathogenesis and progression, involving multifaceted mechanisms such as altered substrate utilization, mitochondrial structural and functional dysfunction, and impaired ATP synthesis and transport. In recent years, the potential role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in cardiovascular diseases has garnered significant attention, particularly peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), which is recognized as a highly promising therapeutic target for CVD. PPARα regulates cardiovascular physiological and pathological processes through fatty acid metabolism. As a ligand-activated receptor within the nuclear hormone receptor family, PPARα is highly expressed in multiple organs, including skeletal muscle, liver, intestine, kidney, and heart, where it governs the metabolism of diverse substrates. Functioning as a key transcription factor in maintaining metabolic homeostasis and catalyzing or regulating biochemical reactions, PPARα exerts its cardioprotective effects through multiple pathways: modulating lipid metabolism, participating in cardiac energy metabolism, enhancing insulin sensitivity, suppressing inflammatory responses, improving vascular endothelial function, and inhibiting smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. These mechanisms collectively reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease development. Thus, PPARα plays a pivotal role in various pathological processes via mechanisms such as lipid metabolism regulation, anti-inflammatory actions, and anti-apoptotic effects. PPARα is activated by binding to natural or synthetic lipophilic ligands, including endogenous fatty acids and their derivatives (e.g., linoleic acid, oleic acid, and arachidonic acid) as well as synthetic peroxisome proliferators. Upon ligand binding, PPARα activates the nuclear receptor retinoid X receptor (RXR), forming a PPARα-RXR heterodimer. This heterodimer, in conjunction with coactivators, undergoes further activation and subsequently binds to peroxisome proliferator response elements (PPREs), thereby regulating the transcription of target genes critical for lipid and glucose homeostasis. Key genes include fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36), diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1), and glucose transporter (GLUT), which are primarily involved in fatty acid uptake, storage, oxidation, and glucose utilization processes. Advancing research on PPARα as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases has underscored its growing clinical significance. Currently, PPARα activators/agonists, such as fibrates (e.g., fenofibrate and bezafibrate) and thiazolidinediones, have been extensively studied in clinical trials for CVD prevention. Traditional PPARα agonists, including fenofibrate and bezafibrate, are widely used in clinical practice to treat hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. These fibrates enhance fatty acid metabolism in the liver and skeletal muscle by activating PPARα, and their cardioprotective effects have been validated in numerous clinical studies. Recent research highlights that fibrates improve insulin resistance, regulate lipid metabolism, correct energy metabolism imbalances, and inhibit the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, thereby ameliorating pathological remodeling of the cardiovascular system and reducing blood pressure. Given the substantial attention to PPARα-targeted interventions in both basic research and clinical applications, activating PPARα may serve as a key therapeutic strategy for managing cardiovascular conditions such as myocardial hypertrophy, atherosclerosis, ischemic cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and heart failure. This review comprehensively examines the regulatory roles of PPARα in cardiovascular diseases and evaluates its clinical application value, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for further development and utilization of PPARα-related therapies in CVD treatment.

Objective To compare the inhibitory effects of remimazolam and dexmedetomidine on cough during emergence from general anesthesia after thyroid surgery.Methods Patients with 111 cases of thyroid surgery were randomly divided into 3 groups,37 in each group.Group A was given a bolus of 0.1 mg·kg-1 and 0.05 mg·kg-1·h-1 remimazolam intravenous infusion until extubation,group B was given 0.5 μg·kg-1 of the dexmedetomidine over 10 minutes,and group C was given same dose of normal saline.The incidence of cough during emergence from general anesthesia,the moderate and severe cough,the recovery time and extubation time,the Ramsay Sedation Scale(RSS)score,and the heart rate(HR),and mean arterial pressure(MAP)at different time points before and after intervention and before and after extubation were recorded and compared.Results There were significant differences in the incidence of coughing among group A,B and C(37.84％vs.67.57％vs.91.89％,adjusted P＜0.016 7,respectively).The incidence of moderate and severe cough was also lower in group A than in group B and C(8.11％vs.35.14％vs.67.57％,adjusted P＜0.001).The recovery time and extubation time were longer in group B than those of group A and C(adjusted P＜0.001).The RSS scores at the time of extubation and after extubation were higher in group B than in group A and C(adjusted P=0.002 and P=0.007,respectively).After intervention,compared with group C,the HR of group A and B decreased to different degree,and different drugs interacted with time,and the HR of group B patients decreased to a greater extent.Conclusion Remimazolam suppresses the occurrence and reduces the severity coughing during emergence from general anesthesia,and reduce the severity in patients treated with thyroid surgeries.Compared with dexmedetomidine,remimazolam did not prolong recovery time and extubation time,remaining more stable haemodynamics.

Objective To explore the mediating effect of coping styles of newly graduated nurses between personality traits and transitional shock,aiming to provide references for managers to help new nurses reduce the level of transitional shock and smoothly go through the role transition period.Methods By convenience sampling,580 new nurses from 13 tertiary A hospitals in Guangzhou,Changsha,and Zhuzhou were surveyed from May to October 2023.A general information questionnaire,Eysenck Personality Questionnaire short form,Transition Shock of Newly Graduated Nurses Scale,and Brief Coping Style Scale were used for the survey.Structural equation modeling was employed to examine the mediating effect of newly graduated nurses'coping styles between personality traits and transitional shock.Results A total of 537 new nurses participated in the survey.Psychoticism and neuroticism were positively correlated with transformational shock and negative coping styles(P＜0.01),but negatively correlated with positive coping styles(P＜0.01).Extroversion was negatively correlated with transformational shock and negative coping style(P＜0.0 1),but positively correlated with positive coping style(P＜0.01).The results of the mediation effect analysis show that coping styles play a partial mediating role between personality traits and transformational shock.The mediating effects of coping styles on psychoticism,extraversion,and neuroticism are 0.095,-0.051,and 0.134,respectively,accounting for 43.18％,30.36％,and 32.29％of the total effect.Conclusion Coping styles of newly graduated nurses act as mediating variables between personality traits and transitional shock.Nursing managers should pay attention to cultivating good individual personality traits and establishing a supportive work environment to enhance new nurses'positive coping and reduce the level of transitional impact.

Objective To investigate the effect of orthokeratology combined with repeated low-level red-light(RL-RL)therapy on progressive myopia in adolescents.Methods A total of 106 adolescents(212 eyes)with progressive my-opia admitted to our hospital from March 2020 to September 2022 were selected and randomly classified into an observation group(n=57,114 eyes)and a control group(n=49,98 eyes).Patients in the observation group received orthokeratology and RLRL therapy,and patients in the control group received orthokeratology only.All patients were followed up for 1 year.The uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA),axial length(AL),diopter,tear film lipid layer thickness(LLT),break-up time(BUT),subfoveal choroidal thickness(SFChT),and the incidence of complications at different time points were compared between the two groups.Results Analysis of variance on the UCVA,diopter,LLT,BUT and SFChT at differ-ent time points before and after treatment revealed a significant time effect and time × group interaction effect(all P＜0.05),but no statistical group effect(all P＞0.05).For the AL,there was a significant time effect(P＜0.05),but no time x group interaction effect or group effect(all P＞0.05).Twelve months after treatment,the UCVA,LLT decrease and SFChT thickening were greater in the observation group compared to the control group,while the diopter progression and AL increase were milder in the observation group than in the control group(all P＜0.05).Changes in BUT yielded no sta-tistical difference between the two groups(P＞0.05).The complication rate demonstrated no statistical difference between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion The application of RLRL therapy combined with orthokeratology for progressive myopia in adolescents can effectively improve the UCVA and control the growth of AL and diopter,with high safety.

The common risks of artificial intelligence-aided medical detection devices during the clinical application were analyzed.Some measures were put forward such as improving the design of the devices,ensuring data security and enhancing social and legal supervision,and references were provided for efficiently integrating clinical and data resources and achieving safety during the clinical application of medical devices.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2024,45(11):77-82]

Aim To investigate the effect of ellagic acid (EA) on cognitive function in APP/PS 1 double- transgenic mice, and to explore the regulatory mechanism of ellagic acid on the level of oxidative stress in the hippocampus of double-transgenic mice based on the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase-3 (PI3K/AKT/GSK-3 β) signaling pathway. Methods Thirty-two SPF-grade 6-month-old APP/PS 1 double transgenic mice were randomly divided into four groups, namely, APP/PS 1 group, APP/PS1 + EA group, APP/PS1 + LY294002 group, APP/PS 1 + EA + LY294002 group, with eight mice in each group, and eight SPF-grade C57BL/6J wild type mice ( Wild type) were selected as the blank control group. The APP/PS 1 + EA group was given 50 mg · kg

Objective:To investigate the efficacy and safety of intravenous thrombolysis and antiplatelet therapy in patients with stroke warning syndrome (SWS), as well as influencing factors of the outcome in patients with SWS.Method:Patients with SWS admitted to the 521 st Hospital of Ordnance Group from June 1, 2018 to December 31, 2023 were retrospectively included. Some patients were treated with ateplase intravenous thrombolysis, followed by oral antiplatelet therapy; some patients only received antiplatelet therapy. The main outcome measure was the modified Rankin Scale score at 90 days after onset, with a score of 0-2 defined as good outcome. Results:A total of 35 patients with SWS were included, including 26 males (74.3%) with an age of 58.29±11.06 years. Nineteen patients (54.3%) received intravenous thrombolysis, and 27 (77.1%) had good outcome at 90 days. There was no statistically significant difference in demographic, baseline data, and good outcome between the intravenous thrombolysis group and the antiplatelet therapy group. One patient had new stroke and one had transient ischemic attack in the intravenous thrombolysis group. There were statistically significant differences in ABCD2 score, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, highest National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at onset, and symptom duration between the good outcome group and the poor outcome group (all P<0.05). Conclusions:The efficacy of intravenous thrombolysis is similar to that of antiplatelet drugs alone in treating SWS. ABCD2 score, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, highest NIHSS score at onset, and duration of symptoms may be influencing factors for the outcome of patients with SWS.

Objective To investigate the impact of quercetin(Que)on postherpetic neuralgia(PHN)and chemokine ligand 3(CCL3,namely MIP-1α)/C-C chemokine receptor 1(CCR1)/C-C chemokine receptor 5(CCR5)signaling pathway in rats.Methods Sixty rats were divided into the control group(Con),the PHN group(model group),the L-Que(30 mg/kg)group,the M-Que(60 mg/kg)group,the H-Que(120 mg/kg)group and the H-Que+pathway activator MIP-1α(120 mg/kg Que+0.4 mg/kg recombinant MIP-1α)group.The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold(PWT)and thermal pain threshold(TWL)of rats were detected in each group.The kit was used to detect adenosine,Adenine ribonucleotide(AMP),adenosine diphosphate(ADP)and tumor necrosis factor in spinal dorsal horn samples-α(TNF-α),and interleukin-1 β(IL-1 β)levels in spinal dorsal horn samples.HE staining was applied to observe the pathological sections of spinal dorsal horn.Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the activation of microglia in spinal dorsal horn.Western blot assay was applied to detect MIP-1α/CCR1/CCR5 signaling pathway protein expression.Results In the PHN group,the dorsal horn of the spinal cord was ruptured,the arrangement of nerve bundles was disordered,and inflammatory cell infiltration,edema,and slight atrophy of neurons appeared.Compared with the Con group,the PWT value,adenosine,AMP and ADP levels were obviously decreased in the PHN group(P＜0.05),and TWL value,TNF-α,IL-1β levels,the number of Iba1-positive microglia,MIP-1α,CCR1 and CCR5 protein levels were obviously increased(P＜0.05).After treatment with Que,the disordered arrangement of nerve bundles was improved,the infiltration of inflammatory cells was reduced,and the phenomenon of neuronal atrophy disappeared.Compared with the PHN group,the PWT value,adenosine,AMP and ADP levels were obviously increased in the L-Que group,the M-Que group and the H-Que group(P＜0.05).TWL value,TNF-αand IL-1β levels,the number of Iba1-positive microglia,and MIP-1α,CCR1 and CCR5 protein levels were obviously decreased(P＜0.05).The effect of Que was dose dependent.Compared with the H-Que group,PWT value,adenosine,AMP and ADP levels were obviously decreased in the H-Que+MIP-1α group(P＜0.05),and TWL value,TNF-α,IL-1β levels,the number of Iba1 positive microglia,MIP-1α,CCR1 and CCR5 protein levels were obviously increased(P＜0.05).Conclusion Que may reduce the inflammatory response in rats by inhibiting the MIP-1α/CCR1/CCR5 signaling pathway,thereby reducing PHN.

Objective To investigate the genetic causes of auditory neuropathy with optic atrophy in a family.Methods The proband's medical history and family history were inquired in detail,and relevant clinical examina-tions were performed to confirm the diagnosis of auditory neuropathy with optic atrophy,and the genetic pedigree of the family was drawn.Peripheral blood of proband(Ⅲ-7)was collected for whole exome sequencing,and the patho-genicity of the detected mutations were interpreted.Blood samples of proband's wife(Ⅲ-8),eldest daughter(Ⅳ-7),second daughter(Ⅳ-9)and son(Ⅳ-10)were tested for mutation sites by Sanger sequencing.Combined with clinical manifestations and examination results,the family was studied.Results The genetic pattern of this family was autosomal dominant.The proband showed decreased visual acuity at the age of 19,bilateral sensorineural deaf-ness at the age of 30,and decreased speech recognition rate.Among 20 members of the family of 5 generations,10(2 deceased)showed similar symptoms of hearing and visual impairment.Proband(Ⅲ-7),eldest daughter(Ⅳ-7)and son(Ⅳ-10)underwent relevant examination.Pure tone audiometry showed bilateral sensorineural deafness.ABR showed no response bilaterally.The 40 Hz AERP showed no response in both ears.OAE showed responses in some or all of the frequencies.No stapedial reflex was detected.The eye movement of Ⅲ-7 and Ⅳ-10 were reasona-ble in all directions,and color vision was normal.Ocular papilla atrophy was observed in different degrees in fundus examination.OCT showed thinning of optic disc nerve fibers in both eyes,and visual evoked potential showed pro-longed P100 wave peak.They were diagnosed as hereditary auditory neuropathy with optic atrophy.A mutation of the OPA1 gene c.1334G＞A(p.Arg445His,NM_015560.2)at a pathogenic locus on chromosome 3 was detected by whole exon detection in Ⅲ-7.The results of generation sequencing analysis showed that the OPA1 gene c.1334G＞A(p.Arg445His,NM_015560.2)mutation of chromosome 3 was also found in Ⅳ-7 and Ⅳ-10.Meanwhile,the gen-otypes of Ⅲ-8 and Ⅳ-9 were wild homozygous,that is,no mutation occurred.Conclusion The OPA1 c.1334G＞A(p.Arg445His,NM_015560.2)mutation site might be the pathogenic mutation in this family.