Objective:To investigate the gut microbiota and metabolic profiles of patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), and to identify potential microbial biomarkers with diagnostic values.Methods:A total of 16 NMOSD patients, 6 MOGAD patients, and 22 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited from Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology since June 2024. Fecal samples were subjected to metagenomic sequencing and untargeted metabolomics. Differential microbes were identified using LEfSe (linear discriminant analysis effect size), and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to evaluate diagnostic potential. Spearman correlation analysis was used to assess relationships between key microbes, metabolites, and serum antibody titers.Results:Distinct alterations in gut microbiota were observed in both disease groups compared with healthy controls. Ligilactobacillus salivarius was significantly enriched in both NMOSD and MOGAD patients and exhibited robust diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve=0.779 P=0.005). Metabolomics revealed that levels of ethosuximide and lysine-proline were elevated, while free fatty acids (15∶1) and 5, 6-dihydrothymine were reduced in the disease groups. Analysis results indicated that Ligilactobacillus salivarius abundance was positively correlated with aquaporin 4 antibody titers in NMOSD patients ( r=0.522, P=0.046). Conclusions:Patients with NMOSD and MOGAD have characteristic alterations in gut microbial and metabolic profiles.

Objective:To investigate the gut microbiota and metabolic profiles of patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), and to identify potential microbial biomarkers with diagnostic values.Methods:A total of 16 NMOSD patients, 6 MOGAD patients, and 22 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited from Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology since June 2024. Fecal samples were subjected to metagenomic sequencing and untargeted metabolomics. Differential microbes were identified using LEfSe (linear discriminant analysis effect size), and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to evaluate diagnostic potential. Spearman correlation analysis was used to assess relationships between key microbes, metabolites, and serum antibody titers.Results:Distinct alterations in gut microbiota were observed in both disease groups compared with healthy controls. Ligilactobacillus salivarius was significantly enriched in both NMOSD and MOGAD patients and exhibited robust diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve=0.779 P=0.005). Metabolomics revealed that levels of ethosuximide and lysine-proline were elevated, while free fatty acids (15∶1) and 5, 6-dihydrothymine were reduced in the disease groups. Analysis results indicated that Ligilactobacillus salivarius abundance was positively correlated with aquaporin 4 antibody titers in NMOSD patients ( r=0.522, P=0.046). Conclusions:Patients with NMOSD and MOGAD have characteristic alterations in gut microbial and metabolic profiles.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has achieved remarkable success in the treatment of hematological malignancies. Based on the immunomodulatory capability of CAR-T cells, efforts have turned toward exploring their potential in treating autoimmune diseases. Bibliometric analysis of 210 records from 128 academic journals published by 372 institutions in 40 countries/regions indicates a growing number of publications on CAR-T therapy for autoimmune diseases, covering a range of subtypes such as systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, among others. CAR-T therapy holds promise in mitigating several shortcomings, including the indiscriminate suppression of the immune system by traditional immunosuppressants, and non-sustaining therapeutic levels of monoclonal antibodies due to inherent pharmacokinetic constraints. By persisting and proliferating in vivo, CAR-T cells can offer a tailored and precise therapeutics. This paper reviewed preclinical experiments and clinical trials involving CAR-T and CAR-related therapies in various autoimmune diseases, incorporating innovations well-studied in the field of hematological tumors, aiming to explore a safe and effective therapeutic option for relapsed/refractory autoimmune diseases.

Regulated cell death (RCD) is a critical physiological process essential in maintaining skin homeostasis. Among the various forms of RCD, ferroptosis stands out due to its distinct features of iron accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and involvement of various inhibitory antioxidant systems. In recent years, an expanding body of research has solidly linked ferroptosis to the emergence of skin disorders. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying ferroptosis in skin diseases is crucial for advancing therapy and prevention strategies. This review commences with a succinct elucidation of the mechanisms that underpin ferroptosis, embarks on a thorough exploration of ferroptosis’s role across a spectrum of skin conditions, encompassing melanoma, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), vitiligo, and dermatological ailments precipitated by ultraviolet (UV) exposure, and scrutinizes the potential therapeutic benefits of pharmacological interventions aimed at modulating ferroptosis for the amelioration of skin diseases.

Objective:To investigate the expression characteristics of SOX10 and GATA3 in breast cancer and the value of their combination.Methods:A total of 360 breast cancer specimens with SOX10 immunohistochemical staining were collected from the Department of Pathology in Shenzhen People′s Hospital from 2018 to 2021, including 268 cases with simultaneous SOX10 and GATA3 staining. The expression of SOX10 and GATA3 in primary and metastatic breast cancer was detected, and the correlations between SOX10 and GATA3 and the molecular types and clinicopathological features of breast cancer were compared, and the distribution differences among each group were statistically analyzed.Results:The overall expression of SOX10 and GATA3 in breast cancer were 25.8%(93/360) and 81.7%(219/268), and that in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) were 83.3%(80/96) and 42.7%(32/75), respectively. SOX10 was strongly associated with TNBC ( P<0.001), whereas GATA3 was highly expressed in luminal A, luminal B and HER2 over expression breast cancers ( P<0.001). The expression of SOX10 and GATA3 was negatively correlated in TNBC, and the combined expression rates of SOX10 and GATA3 in breast cancer and TNBC could reach 97.8% (262/268) and 94.7%(71/75), respectively. In addition, the expression of SOX10 was closely correlated with high histological grade, high Ki-67 proliferation index and lymph node metastasis, and negatively correlated with AR. The expression of GATA3 was correlated with low histological grade and lymph node metastasis, and positively correlated with AR, and the difference was statistically significant. Conclusions:SOX10 is a sensitive marker of TNBC, while GATA3 is highly expressed in non-triple negative breast cancer. The two complementary, combined application of SOX10-GATA3 can improve the detection rate of breast cancer, especially TNBC. SOX10 is associated with malignant characteristics of the tumor, suggesting that SOX10 can be used as a prognostic marker and potential therapeutic target for breast cancer.