In this paper， we systematically sorted out and verified the name， origin， producing area change， quality， efficacy and processing of Halloysitum Rubrum by consulting materia medica， medical books， prescription books from past dynasties， and modern literature， and combined with the comprehensive analysis of trait identification， hygroscopicity measurement and X-ray diffraction（XRD） detection， in order to provide a basis for understanding the original source of the mineral medicine. The results indicated that Halloysitum Rubrum was first contained in the Shennong Bencaojing， it had been consistently named Chishizhi， there were also aliases such as Chifu， Hongxinshi and Chiyouzhi. The description of Halloysitum Rubrum in ancient materia medica aligns with modern findings， categorizing it under the silicate kaolinite family， specifically polyhydrous kaolinite， with associated minerals mainly being dickite， nacrite， hematite， gibbsite， mica， etc. Historically， the production area of Halloysitum Rubrum was mainly located in the Qinling Mountains， Shandong and Henan， and is now primarily distributed in most parts of China， including Henan， Hubei and other provinces. Quality evaluation in ancient times included descriptions like "fresh and greasy color"， "delicately sticky tongue and lips" and "smooth as fat". Modern materia medica mostly evaluates its quality based on color， luster， texture and hygroscopicity， noting characteristics such as red color， smoothness， delicacy， softness and strong viscosity. Halloysitum Rubrum is sweet， sour and pungent in flavor， warm in nature， non-toxic， and belongs to the heart and large intestine meridians. It acts as an astringent and solidifying agent， particularly useful in the treatment of long-term dysentery and diarrhea， common processing methods include fire calcination， water flying， and vinegar quenching. Comprehensive analysis of the traits， XRD and humidity absorption of different batches of samples showed that the commercially available Halloysitum Rubrum is mainly bright red or brownish red， with a smooth surface like grease， soft and smooth texture， delicate cross-sectional texture， and some have waxy luster and strong water absorption. It is mainly composed of 10 Å（1 Å=0.1 nm） polyhydric kaolinite， and is often accompanied by 7 Å polyhydric kaolinite， nacrite， etc. Genuine products tend to have higher moisture absorption than counterfeit ones， which can be used as a key indicator to distinguish the authenticity. The quality evaluation of Halloysitum Rubrum aligns with historical materia medica， where "fresh color， delicate and greasy lips" could serve as a key feature for its quality evaluation.

Aiming to provide the foundation for the quality evaluation， in this paper， a comprehensive examination of historical materia medica， medical books and modern literature was conducted to systematically compile and verify the naming， origin and quality of Stalactitum， combined with the phase analysis of 20 batches of samples. The investigation indicates that before the Qing dynasty， Stalactitum was often referred to as Shizhongru， and there are other aliases such as Xuzhong， Xiashi and Huangshisha. In addition， there are some homologous mixed names such as Konggongnie， Yinnie， Ruchuang， Ruhua， but Zhongrushi is more commonly used. The descriptions of Stalactitum in ancient materia medica align with modern carbonate mineral calcite， slightly conical or cylindrical in shape， mostly white， grey and yellow in colour， often with a hole in the centre， and has a calcium carbonate content of 95% or more. Historical quality assessments include phrases such as gooseneck tube， cicada wing， bright and white， and brightness， the gloss is the most crucial feature. Modern evaluations encompass features like white color， hollow interior， brightness， multiple layers of patterns， and cross-sectional mask spark-like luminosity. Under the scanning electron microscope， Stalactitum showed obvious layered characteristics and uniform particle size， while the OS Balanophylliae was irregular. By comparing the characteristics and micro-features of Stalactitum from different batches， along with X-ray diffraction（XRD） and determination of calcium carbonate， the phase composition of different batches of Stalactitum was roughly similar， all of them were dominated by calcite， with magnesium calcite as an additional ingredient， the content of CaCO₃ was relatively higher for those with brightness and a lot of spark-like luminosity， which were key features of its quality evaluation， the white color could be used as a quality reference， and layered patterns and papillary bulge could be used as a medicinal material identification feature， which were basically consistent with the results of herbal textual research. This study can provide a reference for the quality evaluation of mineral medicines， and can better guide their clinical use and rational utilization of resources.

The incidence of sarcopenia in end-stage renal disease is high and closely related to adverse outcomes such as falls, fractures, and cardiovascular diseases in patients. End-stage renal disease and sarcopenia interact with each other, forming a vicious cycle that imposes a significant burden on the prognosis and quality of life of patients. This article reviews the status quo, pathogenesis, and non-pharmacological interventions of sarcopenia in end-stage renal disease to provide a reference for early prevention and intervention in clinical settings.

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is the most common type of urinary incontinence and has become one of the urinary system diseases that plague middle-aged and older women. This paper reviews the patient-reported outcome assessment tools for middle-aged and older female SUI patients at China and abroad in four aspects of urinary incontinence symptoms, urinary incontinence specific quality of life, psychological and social adaptation, and treatment effectiveness. The advantages and disadvantages of existing assessment tools are analyzed, aiming to provide reference for the development of specific patient-reported outcome assessment tools for SUI in middle-aged and older women in China, patient symptom management, clinical decision-making, and research.

Patients with severe trauma require an extremely timely treatment and transfusion plays an irreplaceable role in the emergency treatment of such patients. An increasing number of evidence-based medicinal evidences and clinical practices suggest that patients with severe traumatic bleeding benefit from early transfusion of low-titer group O whole blood or hemostatic resuscitation with red blood cells, plasma and platelet of a balanced ratio. However, the current domestic mode of blood supply cannot fully meet the requirements of timely and effective blood transfusion for emergency treatment of patients with severe trauma in clinical practice. In order to solve the key problems in blood supply and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma, Branch of Clinical Transfusion Medicine of Chinese Medical Association, Group for Trauma Emergency Care and Multiple Injuries of Trauma Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Young Scholar Group of Disaster Medicine Branch of Chinese Medical Association organized domestic experts of blood transfusion medicine and trauma treatment to jointly formulate Chinese expert consensus on blood support mode and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma patients ( version 2024). Based on the evidence-based medical evidence and Delphi method of expert consultation and voting, 10 recommendations were put forward from two aspects of blood support mode and transfusion strategies, aiming to provide a reference for transfusion resuscitation in the emergency treatment of severe trauma and further improve the success rate of treatment of patients with severe trauma.

In recent years, incentive spirometry has been gradually applied to prevent and reduce postoperative pulmonary complications due to its advantages of simple operation, low price and visual feedback for patients. In this paper, the use device and method of incentive spirometry, and the prevent and application status of incentive spirometry in pulmonary complications after chest, abdomen and heart surgery are reviewed, with a view to providing reference for the promotion and application of incentive spirometry in China.

Objective Investigation of the significance for applying the percentage of neutrophils, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio combined with contrast enhanced ultrasonography in the diagnose of coronary artery disease through examining the percentage of neutrophils, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio on peripheral blood. Methods 130 patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS group) , 90 patients with stable angina (SAP group) and 50 nonCAD patients (control group were observed. The neutrophils counts of all the patients were detected and Neut％, NLR were calculated; all the patients were asked to examine enhanced carotid contrast echocardiography. The plaque enhancement (DE) , and luminal enhancement ratio (Ratio) were recorded. The differences in neut％, NLR and CEUS were compared among the three groups. The Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between Ratio and Neut％, NLR. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the predictive value of Neut％, NLR and CEUS for ACS. Results (1) The value of Neut％, NLR of the peripheral blood, DE, and Ratio in both ACS group and SAP group were higher than those in control group, and the value of ACS group was higher than that in SAP group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); (2) The analysis of Linear correlation showed that the ratio of CEUS in ACS patients was positively correlated with Neut％ (r = 0.422, P = 0.001) and NLR (r = 0.407, P = 0.001). (3) The ROC results showed that circulating Neut％, NLR and DE, Ratio play a significant role in the diagnose of unstable plague in CAD patients; (4) Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that Neut％, NLR, DE, Ratio were independent indicators of the ACS patients (P< 0.05 or P < 0.01).Conclusions Contrast enhanced carotid examination combined with leukocyte analysis on peripheral blood were useful to detect plaque instability and inflammatory response in CAD patients, and it also provide lots of objective evidence for predicting and intervening unstable plaque in CAD patients.

Objective? To evaluate the sleep quality of elderly patients at a ClassⅢ Grade A hospital in Beijing with the Chinese version of Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire (RCSQ) and to assess the reliability and validity of the questionnaire in elderly inpatients. Methods? From October 2017 to July 2018, we selected 155 elderly inpatients at a Class Ⅲ Grade A hospital in Dalian of Liaoning Province by purposive sampling. All of the patients were investigated with the general information questionnaire and the Chinese version of RCSQ. We assessed the test-retest reliability in 30 patients with hospital stay more than one week. Reliability and validity of the questionnaire were tested by the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, split-half reliability and construct validity. Results? The Cronbach's α and split-half reliability of the total questionnaire were 0.898 and 0.837 respectively. The correlation coefficients between items and the total score ranged from 0.805 to 0.909 (P＜0.01). The item correlations of test-retest reliability ranged from 0.362 to 0.884 (P＜0.05) with 0.671 for the correlation in total scores (P＜0.05). Exploratory factor analysis extracted one common factor with 71.541% for the cumulative variance contribution, 0.875 for the KMO value and 460.834 for the Bartlett value (P＜0.01). Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the model fitted well. Conclusions? The Chinese version of RCSQ has good reliability and validity in assessing sleep quality for elderly inpatients which can be an instrument for sleep research or screening in this population.

Objective To test the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of Insomnia Severity Index(ISI-C) in patients with insomnia. Methods One hundred and twenty patients with insomnia were selected from Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University. The subjects had completed the ISI-C scale and Pittsburgh Sleep quality Index(PSQI) scale, Epworth Sleepiness Scale(ESS) at the same time. The reliability and validity of the scale were tested by Cronbach α coefficient, item correlation analysis, exploratory factor analysis and ROC curve test. Results The Cronbach α coefficient of the ISI-C was 0.804,the test-retest reliability was 0.887 (P<0.01). The items of ISI-C scale were correlated with the corresponding items of PSQI (r=0.831, P<0.01), ESS(r =0.218, P<0.05). Two common factors were extracted by factor analysis including the severity of insomnia and the influence of insomnia, and the cumulative contribution rate was 63.117% (P<0.01).When the cutting point was 10.5 points, the sensitivity and specificity were 84.0% and 92.3%, respectively (P<0.01). Conclusions ISI-C scale is a reliable and valid instrument. It can be used to measure the insomnia of patients in hospitals.

This paper searches and summarizes related concepts of quality control circle and its application situation in the field of nursing in China,describes the existing problems and solution.This paper offers references for improving the quality management of nursing.