Objective To investigate the prevalence and correlates of depression in residents aged 15 and older in Hainan province.Methods Stratified multistage random sampling methods were utilized to identify 12 117 individuals (≥15 years old) from 59 villages (neighborhoods) in 24 towns (streets) within 6 counties (cities) in Hainan Province from September 2010 to November 2011.The subjects were screened with an expanded version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and the respondents were divided into three groups by high risk,moderate risk and low risk of mental disorder,followed by formal diagnosis according to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR (SCID-I/P) by psychiatrists among 100％ subjects in group with high risk,40％ subjects in group with moderate risk and 10％ subjects in group with low risk.The adjusted rate,standardized rate,and 95％ confidence interval (95％CI) of the one-month and lifetime prevalence were also calculated among the 3 groups of individuals who were diagnosed with depressive disorder.The difference in whether they suffered depression was determined by the chi-squared test.Correlations to depressive disorder and the odds ratio (OR) were explored with multiple regression analysis.Results There were 97 cases of depressive disorders (1-month) and 166 cases of lifetime depressive disorders finally confirmed.The adjusted rate of 1-month prevalence was 1.38％ (95％CI:1.12-1.59) and the life-time adjusted prevalence rate was 2.80％ (95％CI:2.51-3.09).Female (OR=1.55,95％CI:1.12-2.14),mid-age(50-64 y,OR=1.84,95％CI:1.13-2.99),being divorced or living separated (OR=4.87,95％CI:1.86-12.73),suffering chronic diseases (OR=2.19,95％CI:1.56-3.07),and low family income were significantly associated with suffering depressive disorder.Conclusions The prevalence of the depressive disorder among residents aged 15 and older in Hainan province is lower than the nationwide prevalence.People who are female,mid-age,being divorced or not living with the partner,earning a low income,and suffering chronic diseases have more predisposition to develop the depressive disorder in Hainan province.

Objective To investigate the prevalence and correlates of depression in residents aged 15 and older in Hainan province.Methods Stratified multistage random sampling methods were utilized to identify 12 117 individuals (≥15 years old) from 59 villages (neighborhoods) in 24 towns (streets) within 6 counties (cities) in Hainan Province from September 2010 to November 2011.The subjects were screened with an expanded version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and the respondents were divided into three groups by high risk,moderate risk and low risk of mental disorder,followed by formal diagnosis according to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR (SCID-I/P) by psychiatrists among 100％ subjects in group with high risk,40％ subjects in group with moderate risk and 10％ subjects in group with low risk.The adjusted rate,standardized rate,and 95％ confidence interval (95％CI) of the one-month and lifetime prevalence were also calculated among the 3 groups of individuals who were diagnosed with depressive disorder.The difference in whether they suffered depression was determined by the chi-squared test.Correlations to depressive disorder and the odds ratio (OR) were explored with multiple regression analysis.Results There were 97 cases of depressive disorders (1-month) and 166 cases of lifetime depressive disorders finally confirmed.The adjusted rate of 1-month prevalence was 1.38％ (95％CI:1.12-1.59) and the life-time adjusted prevalence rate was 2.80％ (95％CI:2.51-3.09).Female (OR=1.55,95％CI:1.12-2.14),mid-age(50-64 y,OR=1.84,95％CI:1.13-2.99),being divorced or living separated (OR=4.87,95％CI:1.86-12.73),suffering chronic diseases (OR=2.19,95％CI:1.56-3.07),and low family income were significantly associated with suffering depressive disorder.Conclusions The prevalence of the depressive disorder among residents aged 15 and older in Hainan province is lower than the nationwide prevalence.People who are female,mid-age,being divorced or not living with the partner,earning a low income,and suffering chronic diseases have more predisposition to develop the depressive disorder in Hainan province.

Objective: To analyze the effect of ceramic materials thickness and resin cement shades on the final color of ceramic veneers in the discolored teeth, and to investigate the color agreement of try-in pastes to the corresponding resin cements. Methods: Sixty artificial maxillary central incisor teeth (C2 shade) were used to simulate the natural discolored teeth and prepared according to veneer tooth preparation protocol. Veneers of different thickness in the body region (0.50 and 0.75 mm) were fabricated using ceramic materials (LT A2 shade, IPS e.max Press). The ceramic veneer specimens were bonded to the artificial teeth using the 6 shades of resin cements (Variolink Veneer: shades of LV-3, LV-2, HV+3; RelyX™ Veneer: shades of TR, A3, WO) (n=5). A clinical spectrophotometer was used to measure the color parameters of ceramic veneers at the cervical, body and incisal regions. Color changes of veneers before and after cementation were calculated and registered as ΔE1, and the changes between try-in paste and the corresponding resin cements were registered as ΔE2. Results: Three-way ANOVA indicated that ΔE1 and ΔE2 values were significantly affected by the ceramic thickness, resin cement shades and measuring regions (P<0.05). The ΔE1 values of six shades ranged from 0.59-8.27. The ΔE1 values were more than 2.72 when the ceramic veneers were cemented with resin cements in shades of HV+3 and WO. The ΔE2 values of six shades ranged from 0.60-2.56. The shades of HV+3, WO and A3 resin cements were more than 1.60. Conclusions Different thickness of ceramic materials, resin cement shades and measuring regions could affect the final color of ceramic veneers. The color differences of some resin cements and corresponding try-in pastes might be observed in clinical practice.

Objective To explore the abnormalities of amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) in the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) of first-episode medication-naive schizophrenia before and after antipsychotic drugs therapy,the correlation between brain activity and clinical syndromes was to be analyzed.Methods This prospective study was approved by the local ethical conmnittee,and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.21 antipsychotic-naive first-episode patients with schizophrenia and 25 healthy individuals were recruited and underwent resting-state functional MR imaging.The patients were re-scanned at the end of 3 months after the antipsychotic treatment.The differences of ALFF between patients and controls were analyzed with two-sample t test,the differences of ALFF in patients before and after antipsychotic drugs therapy were analyzed with two-sample t test.Results (1) The scores of Global Assessment of Functioning Scale,PANSS total score,PANSS positive score,PANSS negative score and PANSS general psychopathology score were significantly improved after antipsychotic drugs therapy (t=6.45,5.13,3.98,3.29,4.32;P＜0.01).(2) Compared with the healthy controls,resting-state ALFF in schizophrenia patients significantly decreased in left paracentral lobule(PCL),left superior occipital gyrus(SOG)/bilateral calcarine/cuneus,middle occipital gyrus(MOG),and right insula (uncorrected,t=-4.91,-4.30,-4.18,-3.59;P＜0.01,cluster voxels＞10),resting-state ALFF in schizophrenia patients significantly increased in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and right lentiform nucleus (uncorrected,t=3.60,3.44;P＜0.01,cluster voxels＞10).(3) After antipsychotic drugs therapy for 3 months,the ALFF values increased in bilateral cuneus and decreased in left ACC compared with baseline(uncorrected,t=3.91,-4.42;P＜0.01,cluster voxels＞10).(4) The ALFF values in the anterior cingulate cortex(ACC) at baseline were positively correlated with negative symptoms scores of PANSS (r=0.594,P=0.005).The ALFF values in the left MOG at baseline were negatively correlated with total scores of PANSS (r=-0.464,P=0.034).Conclusions This study provides evidence for resting state brain activity abnormalities of some brain regions in patients with schizophrenia.ACC and occipital gyrus are the key brain regions and may be responsible for certain schizophrenic symptoms,which could contribute to explore the neuropharmacology mechanisms of schizophrenia.

Objective To explore the abnormalities of amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) in the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) of first-episode medication-naive schizophrenia before and after antipsychotic drugs therapy,the correlation between brain activity and clinical syndromes was to be analyzed.Methods This prospective study was approved by the local ethical conmnittee,and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.21 antipsychotic-naive first-episode patients with schizophrenia and 25 healthy individuals were recruited and underwent resting-state functional MR imaging.The patients were re-scanned at the end of 3 months after the antipsychotic treatment.The differences of ALFF between patients and controls were analyzed with two-sample t test,the differences of ALFF in patients before and after antipsychotic drugs therapy were analyzed with two-sample t test.Results (1) The scores of Global Assessment of Functioning Scale,PANSS total score,PANSS positive score,PANSS negative score and PANSS general psychopathology score were significantly improved after antipsychotic drugs therapy (t=6.45,5.13,3.98,3.29,4.32;P＜0.01).(2) Compared with the healthy controls,resting-state ALFF in schizophrenia patients significantly decreased in left paracentral lobule(PCL),left superior occipital gyrus(SOG)/bilateral calcarine/cuneus,middle occipital gyrus(MOG),and right insula (uncorrected,t=-4.91,-4.30,-4.18,-3.59;P＜0.01,cluster voxels＞10),resting-state ALFF in schizophrenia patients significantly increased in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and right lentiform nucleus (uncorrected,t=3.60,3.44;P＜0.01,cluster voxels＞10).(3) After antipsychotic drugs therapy for 3 months,the ALFF values increased in bilateral cuneus and decreased in left ACC compared with baseline(uncorrected,t=3.91,-4.42;P＜0.01,cluster voxels＞10).(4) The ALFF values in the anterior cingulate cortex(ACC) at baseline were positively correlated with negative symptoms scores of PANSS (r=0.594,P=0.005).The ALFF values in the left MOG at baseline were negatively correlated with total scores of PANSS (r=-0.464,P=0.034).Conclusions This study provides evidence for resting state brain activity abnormalities of some brain regions in patients with schizophrenia.ACC and occipital gyrus are the key brain regions and may be responsible for certain schizophrenic symptoms,which could contribute to explore the neuropharmacology mechanisms of schizophrenia.

The paper analyzed the challenges for community-based rehabilitation of schizophrenic patients in China' s rural areas,from such six aspects as culture, prevention and control system for mental health, fairness of health resources allocation, shortage of specialists, confidence in treatment,and delay in rehabilitation. These studies aim at providing the government with decision making evidence for enacting rural mental health policies and taking effective intervention measures.