Objectives: Clinical nutrition treatment is the central part of diabetes management, such as prevention, treatment, and self-management of diabetes, and personalized clinical nutrition treatment, which enables improvement in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Our study aimed to contribute to the improvement of appropriate nutrition management in personalized treatment for obese and non-obese diabetes patients. Methods: T2DM patients were recruited as participants, and 36 final participants were assigned to the lean diabetes mellitus group (LDM; body mass index [BMI] < 25 kg/m2) and the obese diabetes mellitus group (ODM; BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2). We assessed the dietary intakes, body composition, dietary habits, the Korean version of obesity-related quality of life, and biochemical indices. Results: According to the phenotype’s comparison, the ODM group had a high prevalence of T2DM complications and hypertension, had a dietary habit of less than 10 minutes of mealtime duration and preferred fast food intake, and had a low obesity-related quality of life. However, the LDM group had a high choice of Korean dishes at the time of eating out and a high intake of vitamin C, and iodine because of the intake of vegetables and seaweeds. Conclusion We observed differences in diet, nutrient intake, and clinical characteristics according to the phenotype of T2DM patients. In particular, obese diabetes patients have an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, bad dietary habits, and low obesity-related quality of life. Therefore, personalized nutrition treatment is needed in consideration of the risk of cardiovascular disease and dietary habits for patients in the ODM group, as well as determining the energy requirements of Korean patients with T2DM.

Purpose: This study aimed to improve the antioxidant activities of sweet persimmon peel extracts using supercritical carbon dioxide (SFE-CO2 ) as a green extraction (GE) technology, as part of upcycling efforts. It also aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of GE as an ecofriendly extraction method by comparing it with conventional extraction (CE) techniques. Methods: Sweet persimmon peel extracts were obtained using CE (hot water at 80°C for 6 h or 95% ethanol at room temperature for 24 hours) and SFE-CO2 extraction (50°C for 2 hours, with pressures ranging from 100 to 250 bar). Antioxidant activities (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] radical scavenging activity and tannin content) were analyzed to evaluate and compare the antioxidant extraction efficiency across different extraction methods. Results: In the CE extraction method, the 95% ethanol extract exhibited 1.2 times higher DPPH radical scavenging activity and 1.5 times higher tannin content than that of the hot water extract. In the SFE-CO2 extraction method, antioxidant activities increased with increasing pressure (100–250 bar), as higher pressures enhanced antioxidant activities and extraction efficiency. At 250 bar, the SFE-CO2 extracts demonstrated 1.6 times higher DPPH radical scavenging activity and 2.0 times higher tannin content than that of the hot water extract, and 1.3 times higher DPPH scavenging activity and tannin content than that of the 95% ethanol extract. These findings highlight the superior efficiency of extraction using the SFE-CO2 method. Conclusion This study demonstrated that SFE-CO2 was an efficient and eco-friendly method for extracting antioxidants from sweet persimmon peels, surpassing conventional methods.It underscores the potential of SFE-CO2 for the sustainable upcycling of sweet persimmon byproducts and the promotion of green technologies to enhance antioxidant activities.

Purpose: This study aimed to improve the antioxidant activities of sweet persimmon peel extracts using supercritical carbon dioxide (SFE-CO2 ) as a green extraction (GE) technology, as part of upcycling efforts. It also aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of GE as an ecofriendly extraction method by comparing it with conventional extraction (CE) techniques. Methods: Sweet persimmon peel extracts were obtained using CE (hot water at 80°C for 6 h or 95% ethanol at room temperature for 24 hours) and SFE-CO2 extraction (50°C for 2 hours, with pressures ranging from 100 to 250 bar). Antioxidant activities (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] radical scavenging activity and tannin content) were analyzed to evaluate and compare the antioxidant extraction efficiency across different extraction methods. Results: In the CE extraction method, the 95% ethanol extract exhibited 1.2 times higher DPPH radical scavenging activity and 1.5 times higher tannin content than that of the hot water extract. In the SFE-CO2 extraction method, antioxidant activities increased with increasing pressure (100–250 bar), as higher pressures enhanced antioxidant activities and extraction efficiency. At 250 bar, the SFE-CO2 extracts demonstrated 1.6 times higher DPPH radical scavenging activity and 2.0 times higher tannin content than that of the hot water extract, and 1.3 times higher DPPH scavenging activity and tannin content than that of the 95% ethanol extract. These findings highlight the superior efficiency of extraction using the SFE-CO2 method. Conclusion This study demonstrated that SFE-CO2 was an efficient and eco-friendly method for extracting antioxidants from sweet persimmon peels, surpassing conventional methods.It underscores the potential of SFE-CO2 for the sustainable upcycling of sweet persimmon byproducts and the promotion of green technologies to enhance antioxidant activities.

Purpose: This study aimed to improve the antioxidant activities of sweet persimmon peel extracts using supercritical carbon dioxide (SFE-CO2 ) as a green extraction (GE) technology, as part of upcycling efforts. It also aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of GE as an ecofriendly extraction method by comparing it with conventional extraction (CE) techniques. Methods: Sweet persimmon peel extracts were obtained using CE (hot water at 80°C for 6 h or 95% ethanol at room temperature for 24 hours) and SFE-CO2 extraction (50°C for 2 hours, with pressures ranging from 100 to 250 bar). Antioxidant activities (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] radical scavenging activity and tannin content) were analyzed to evaluate and compare the antioxidant extraction efficiency across different extraction methods. Results: In the CE extraction method, the 95% ethanol extract exhibited 1.2 times higher DPPH radical scavenging activity and 1.5 times higher tannin content than that of the hot water extract. In the SFE-CO2 extraction method, antioxidant activities increased with increasing pressure (100–250 bar), as higher pressures enhanced antioxidant activities and extraction efficiency. At 250 bar, the SFE-CO2 extracts demonstrated 1.6 times higher DPPH radical scavenging activity and 2.0 times higher tannin content than that of the hot water extract, and 1.3 times higher DPPH scavenging activity and tannin content than that of the 95% ethanol extract. These findings highlight the superior efficiency of extraction using the SFE-CO2 method. Conclusion This study demonstrated that SFE-CO2 was an efficient and eco-friendly method for extracting antioxidants from sweet persimmon peels, surpassing conventional methods.It underscores the potential of SFE-CO2 for the sustainable upcycling of sweet persimmon byproducts and the promotion of green technologies to enhance antioxidant activities.