Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is defined as the occurrence of spontaneous wheals, angioedema, or both for >6 weeks in the absence of specific causes. It is a common condition associated with substantial disease burden both for affected individuals and societies in many countries, including Korea. CSU frequently persists for several years and requires high-intensity treatment; therefore, patients experience deteriorations in quality of life and medication-associated complications. During the last decade, there have been major advances in the pharmacological treatment of CSU and there is an outstanding need for evidence-based guidelines that reflect clinical practice in Korea. The guidelines reported here represent a joint initiative of the Korean Academy of Asthma, Allergy and Clinical Immunology and the Korean Dermatological Association, and aim to provide evidence-based guidance for the management of CSU in Korean adults and children. In Part 1, disease definition, guideline scope and development methodology as well as evidence-based recommendations on the use of antihistamines and corticosteroids are summarized.

Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is defined as the occurrence of spontaneous wheals, angioedema, or both for >6 weeks in the absence of specific causes. It is a common condition associated with substantial disease burden both for affected individuals and societies in many countries, including Korea. CSU frequently persists for several years and requires high-intensity treatment; therefore, patients experience deteriorations in quality of life and medication-associated complications. During the last decade, there have been major advances in the pharmacological treatment of CSU and there is an outstanding need for evidence-based guidelines that reflect clinical practice in Korea. The guidelines reported here represent a joint initiative of the Korean Academy of Asthma, Allergy and Clinical Immunology and the Korean Dermatological Association, and aim to provide evidence-based guidance for the management of CSU in Korean adults and children. In Part 1, disease definition, guideline scope and development methodology as well as evidence-based recommendations on the use of antihistamines and corticosteroids are summarized.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Colorectal cancer is associated with different anatomical, biological, and clinical characteristics. We determined the impact of the primary tumor location in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). METHODS: Demographic data and clinical information were collected from 1,115 patients from the Republic of Korea, who presented with mCRC between January 2009 and December 2011, using web-based electronic case report forms. Associations between the primary tumor location and the patient's clinical characteristics were assessed, and factors inf luencing overall survival were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS: Of the 1,115 patients recruited to the study, 244 (21.9%) had right colon cancer, 483 (43.3%) had left colon cancer, and 388 (34.8%) had rectal cancer. Liver and lung metastases occurred more frequently in patients with left colon and rectal cancer (p = 0.005 and p = 0.006, respectively), while peritoneal and ovarian metastases occurred more frequently in patients with right and left colon cancer (p < 0.001 and p = 0.031, respectively). The median overall survival of patients with tumors originating in the right colon was significantly shorter than that of patients whose tumors had originated in the left colon or rectum (13.7 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 12.0 to 15.5] vs. 18.0 months [95% CI, 16.3 to 19.7] or 19.9 months [95% CI, 18.5 to 21.3], respectively; p = 0.003). Tumor resection, the number of metastatic sites, and primary tumor location correlated with overall survival in the univariate and multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Primary tumor location influences the metastatic sites and prognosis of patients with mCRC.
Colon ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Colorectal Neoplasms* ; Humans ; Liver ; Lung ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prognosis ; Rectal Neoplasms ; Rectum ; Republic of Korea

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) production in adenoid has been debated and the role of adenoid in development of allergy remains largely unknown. To examine the production of local IgE in adenoid involved with IgE-mediated sensitization, we evaluated IgE production and the expression of the transcription factor B cell leukemia/lymphoma-6 (BCL-6) and B lymphocyte inducer of maturation program 1 (Blimp-1) in adenoids. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Ten children with allergic rhinitis (AR) and ten children without any history of AR were enrolled. Immunohistochemical studies of adenoid for IgE, BCL-6 and Blimp-1 were performed. RESULTS: IgE was stained mainly in the germinal center and submucosal area and the stainingscores of antibody to IgE did not differ signigicantly between children with AR and control. BCL- 6 was mainly stained in mucosa and germinal center and Blimp-1 in mucosa. The scores of antibody to BCL-6 and Blimp-1 in children with AR and control did not show significant differences. CONCLUSION: We found that allergic rhinitis was not involved in the production of IgE nor the expression of the transcription factor BCL-6 and Blimp-1 in adenoid
Adenoids ; Child ; Germinal Center ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunoglobulins ; Lymphocytes ; Mucous Membrane ; Rhinitis ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial ; Transcription Factors

PURPOSE: Paclitaxel and cisplatin, active drugs in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), have been found to be synergistic and less myelotoxic in combination when the paclitaxel is given 24 hr prior to the cisplatin. Their antitumor activity and toxicity in patients with advanced NSCLC has been evaluated herein. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-four chemonaive patients, with advanced NSCLC, were enrolled. Paclitaxel, 175 mg/m2, was administered on day 1, followed 24 hr later by cisplatin, 75 mg/m2, on day 2. RESULTS: The overall response rate, median time to progression and median survival time were 51%, 7.1 months (95% confidence interval (CI), 5.5~8.7 months) and 13.7 months (95% CI, 11.3~16.1 months), respectively. There were significant differences in the overall survival rates in relation to stage and the ECOG performance status(PS). The toxicity was mainly nonhematological. Grade > or =3 neuropathy occurred in 2 (3%) patients, myalgia in 3 (4%), and bone pain in 3 (4%). The hematological toxicity was mild, and no grade 3 or 4 neutropenia was observed. CONCLUSION: The combination of paclitaxel and cisplatin is an effective and tolerable treatment regimen for advanced NSCLC during first line chemotherapy. The main toxicity was nonhematological, such as peripheral neuropathy, myalgia and bone pain, whereas the hematological toxicity itself was mild.
Cisplatin* ; Drug Therapy ; Drug Therapy, Combination* ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms* ; Lung* ; Myalgia ; Neutropenia ; Paclitaxel* ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases ; Survival Rate

BACKGROUND: Perfusion imaging (PI) of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses the signal loss that occurs during dynamic tracking of the first pass of intravenous paramagnetic contrast agent. Then different hemodynamic measurements can be calculated and displayed as perfusion maps. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) measures diffusional movement of water molecules within the brain and it can identify acute ischemic injury or cytotoxic edema. We evaluated clinical usefulness of PI and DWI in acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: Fifteen patients with clinical diagnosis of acute cerebral infarction were imaged with PI, DWI, and magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) including FLAIR within 24 hours after onset. Comparisons were made between infarct volumes measured by DWI and PI using the parameters including relative mean transit time (rMTT) map, relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) map, and relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) map. RESULTS: Two patterns were found. rMTT map in PI lesion is larger than in the DWI lesion (n=7/15), and rMTT map in PI lesion is the same size or smaller than in DWI lesion (n=8/15). The former pattern was shown in cases with severe stenosis or occlusion of the major cerebral artery (MCA, PCA, or ICA) on MRA. The majority of latter pattern was lacunes (n=6/8). Also, we found presence of infarction cores surrounded by hypoperfused areas in rMTT map in acute largearterial territorial infarction. CONCLUSIONS: Perfusion- and Diffusion- weighted MRIs may be useful in differentiating large-arterial territorial infarction from lacunes.
Blood Volume ; Brain ; Cerebral Arteries ; Cerebral Infarction ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Diagnosis ; Diffusion ; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Edema ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Infarction ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis ; Perfusion ; Perfusion Imaging ; Stroke*

OBJECTIVE: In order to investigate the functional brain anatomy associated with verbal and visual working memory, functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In ten normal right handed subjects, functional MR images were obtained using a 1.5-T MR scanner and the EPI BOLD technique. An item recognition task was used for stimulation, and during the activation period of the verbal working memory task, consonant letters were used. During the activation period of the visual working memory task, symbols or diagrams were employed instead of letters. For the post-processing of images, the SPM program was used, with the threshold of significance set at p < .001. We assessed activated brain areas during the two stimulation tasks and compared the activated regions between the two tasks. RESULTS: The prefrontal cortex and secondary visual cortex were activated bilaterally by both verbal and visual working memory tasks, and the patterns of activated signals were similar in both tasks. The superior parietal cortex was also activated by both tasks, with lateralization to the left in the verbal task, and bilaterally without lateralization in the visual task. The inferior frontal cortex, inferior parietal cortex and temporal gyrus were activated exclusively by the verbal working memory task, predominantly in the left hemisphere. CONCLUSION: The prefrontal cortex is activated by two stimulation tasks, and this is related to the function of the central executive. The language areas activated by the verbal working memory task may be a function of the phonological loop. Bilateral prefrontal and superior parietal cortices activated by the visual working memory task may be related to the visual maintenance of objects, representing visual working memory.
Adult ; Brain/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Echo-Planar Imaging ; Female ; Human ; *Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

BACKGROUND: In the western hemisphere, resistance to activated protein C (APCR) is the most common risk factor for venous thromboembolic disease. A one-point mutation in the coagulation factor V that renders it APCR is found in more than 90% of patients with APC-resistant venous thrombosis. In Hispanic and Caucasian patients with arterial ischemic stroke, the prevalence of APC-R is approximately 10%. To determine the prevalence of APC resistance and its causative factor V mutation (Arg 506 Gln) in Koreans, we screened a group of Korean ischemic stroke patients. METHODS: We evaluated 60 Korean patients with arterial ischemic stroke diagnosed by either magnetic resonance neu-roimaging, conventional angiogram, or both, after 2 weeks of symptom onset. The mean age of the subjects was 59.2 years (13-82 years). APC resistance was expressed as a ratio of the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) with and without adding APC to the subject's plasma. The presence of the factor V Leiden (Arg 506 Gln) mutation was determined by a direct polymerase chain reaction-based assay on peripheral blood leukocytes. RESULTS: Only one patient (n=1/60, 1.6%) had APC resistance and none were found to have the factor V Leiden (Arg 506 Gln) mutation. CONCLUSIONS: APCR and the factor V Leiden mutation do not seem to be a significant genetic risk factor for arterial ischemic stroke in Koreans.
Activated Protein C Resistance* ; Factor V* ; Hispanic Americans ; Humans ; Leukocytes ; Partial Thromboplastin Time ; Plasma ; Prevalence ; Protein C ; Risk Factors ; Stroke* ; Venous Thrombosis

PURPOSE: To evaluate the language areas activated by fMRI during different reading tasks and to assess the difference of activated areas according to each reading task MATERIALS AND METHODS: Functional maps of the language area were obtained during three reading tasks(Korean consonant letter, pseudoword, and word) in nine right-handed volunteers(7 males, 2 females). MR examinations were performed at 1.5T scanner with EPI BOLD technique(gradient echo shot EPI, TR/TE 3000/60, flip angle 90, matrix64 64, 5mm thickness, no slice gap). Each task consisted of three resting periods and two activation periods and each period lasted 30 seconds. We used SPM program for the postprocessing of images and siginficance level was set at p<0.01. Activated areas were topographically analyzed in each stimulus. RESULTS: Significant activated signals were demonstrated in all volunteers. Activated signals were seen in the frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes during reading tasks and they were lateralized to the left hemisphere except occipital lobe. Letter and pseudoword produced stronger activated signals than word, and the activated signals were more lateralized to the left hemisphere in pseudoword reading than in letter reading. CONCLUSION: Activated signals were induced in the language areas by reading task of letter or wordform. Greater activation of language areas was induced when letter or pseuowords were presented than familiar words.
Brain ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Male ; Occipital Lobe ; Rabeprazole ; Volunteers

Helicobacter pylori is a causative agent of type B gastritis and plays a central role in the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal ulcer and gastric cancer. To elucidate the host-parasite relationship of the H. pylori infection on the basis of molecular biology, we tried to evaluate the genomic diversity of H. pylori. An ordered overlapping bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library of a Korean isolate, H, pylori 51 was constructed to set up a genomic map. A circular physical map was constructed by aligning ApaI, Notl and SfiI-digested chromosomal DNA. When the physical map of H. pylori 51 was compared to that of unrelated strain, H. pylori 26695, completely different restriction patterns were shown. Fifteen known genes were mapped on the chromosome of H. pylori 51 and the genetic map was compared with those of strain 26695 and J99, of which the entire genomic sequences were reported. There were some variability in the gene location as well as gene order among three strains. For further analysis on the genomic diversity of H. pylori, when comparing the genomic structure of 150 H. pylori Korean isolates with one another, genomic macrodiversity of H. pylori was characterized by several features: whether or not susceptible to restriction digestion of the chromsome, variation in chromosomal restriction fingerprint and/or high frequency of gene rearrangement. We also examined the extent of allelic variation in nucleotide or deduced amino acid sequences at the individual gene level. fucT, cagA and vacA were confirmed to carry regions of high variation in nucleotide sequence among strains. The plasticity zone and strain-specific genes of H. pylori 51 were analyzed and compared with the former two genomic sequences. It should be noted that the H. pylori 51-specific sequences were dispersed on the chromosome, not congregated in the plasticity zone unlike J99- or 26695-specific genes, suggesting the high frequency of gene rearrangement in H. pylori genome. The genomc of H. pylori 51 shows differences in the overall genomic organization, gene order, and even in the nucleotide sequences among the H. pylori strains, which are far greater than the differences reported on the genomic. diversity of H. pylori.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial ; Dermatoglyphics ; Digestion ; DNA ; Gastritis ; Gene Order ; Gene Rearrangement ; Genome ; Helicobacter pylori* ; Helicobacter* ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Molecular Biology ; Peptic Ulcer ; Plastics ; Stomach Neoplasms