Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery is a highly precise radiotherapy technology,including the head Gamma Knife treatment system and the body Gamma Knife treatment system. Through multi-beam gamma rays focused on a specific target area,the lesion is exposed to high-dose radiation to cause radiation damage and necrosis,and the dose outside the target area is sharply reduced,thereby protecting the normal tissue outside the target area. Gamma Knife treatment has the advantages of being minimally invasive and effective treatment. Due to its precise and steep dose distribution,side effects are relatively few,and it can partially replace surgery or serve as a supplementary treatment after surgery. It was originally used for the treatment of craniocerebral diseases. In my country,Gamma Knife treatment was first applied to the treatment of body tumors. In recent years,with the widespread application of Gamma Knife radiosurgery technology,the incidence of adverse events associated with Gamma Knife radiotherapy has also increased. Gamma Knife adverse events mainly include those caused by treatment equipment failure and improper operation,as well as adverse events and complications resulting from tissue radiation damage. This article aims to comprehensively review and analyze the adverse events related to the use of Gamma Knife,and to explore the types,causes,preventive measures and coping strategies of these adverse events,in order to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the safe use of Gamma Knife.

Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery is a highly precise radiotherapy technology,including the head Gamma Knife treatment system and the body Gamma Knife treatment system. Through multi-beam gamma rays focused on a specific target area,the lesion is exposed to high-dose radiation to cause radiation damage and necrosis,and the dose outside the target area is sharply reduced,thereby protecting the normal tissue outside the target area. Gamma Knife treatment has the advantages of being minimally invasive and effective treatment. Due to its precise and steep dose distribution,side effects are relatively few,and it can partially replace surgery or serve as a supplementary treatment after surgery. It was originally used for the treatment of craniocerebral diseases. In my country,Gamma Knife treatment was first applied to the treatment of body tumors. In recent years,with the widespread application of Gamma Knife radiosurgery technology,the incidence of adverse events associated with Gamma Knife radiotherapy has also increased. Gamma Knife adverse events mainly include those caused by treatment equipment failure and improper operation,as well as adverse events and complications resulting from tissue radiation damage. This article aims to comprehensively review and analyze the adverse events related to the use of Gamma Knife,and to explore the types,causes,preventive measures and coping strategies of these adverse events,in order to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the safe use of Gamma Knife.

Objective To explore the best methods of catheterization in patients with neurogenic bladder using clean intermittent self-catheterization. Methods From December, 2014 to December, 2015, sixty patients with neurogenic bladder were equally divided into observation group who were taught the non-contact clean intermittent self-catheterization, and control group who were taught routine clean intermittent self-catheterization. Their materials, times to learn, and the incidence of catheter contamination and urinary tract infection were compared. Results The observation group mastered the catheterization in fewer times of learning than the control group (Z=-4.400, P<0.001). The incidence of catheter contamination (χ2=5.880, P=0.015) and urinary tract infection (χ2=4.043, P=0.044) were less in the observa-tion group than in the control group. Conclusion Non-contact clean intermittent catheterization is beneficial to manage neurogenic bladder.