ObjectiveTo systematically elucidate the accumulation characteristics of secondary metabolites in the stems and leaves of Panax ginseng with different stem colors. MethodsUltra-high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry （UHPLC-QqQ-MS） was employed to determine the of 22 ginsenosides in the stems and leaves of 2- to 5-year-old P. ginseng plants with green and purple stems. Principal component analysis （PCA）， orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA）， and one-way analysis of variance （ANOVA） were performed to explore the distribution patterns of ginsenosides from three dimensions： tissue distribution， growth duration， and stem color. Results① Tissue distribution： Leaves served as the primary organ for ginsenoside accumulation， exhibiting significantly higher total ginsenoside content than stems， which indicated distinct tissue-specific distribution of ginsenosides. ② Growth duration： Ginsenoside levels in stems generally peaked in the 2-year-old plants before stabilizing， while those in leaves displayed a declining-rebounding pattern， indicating that the 2-year-old plants （harvest stage） was a critical time point for the resurgence of leaf ginsenosides. ③ Stem color： A stage-specific correlation was observed between stem color and ginsenoside accumulation. In stems， the early-growth stage （2-year-old） of purple-stemmed plants exhibited higher content of specific ginsenosides （e.g.， ginsenoside Rk₁ and notoginsenoside R₁）， which may be associated with its stronger early-stage stress resistance. In leaves， the content of core ginsenosides （e.g.， ginsenosides Re and Rd） in 5-year-old plants with green stems showed a surpassing trend， demonstrating higher potential of resource development. ConclusionThe accumulation of ginsenosides in P. ginseng stems and leaves is multidimensionally regulated by tissue type， growth duration， and stem color phenotypes. Purple-stemmed plants exhibit early-stage specific ginsenoside accumulation and stress resistance potential， whereas green-stemmed plants are more advantageous for core leaf ginsenoside development at the harvest stage. The findings confirm that aboveground stem color can serve as a biomarker for directed breeding and efficient resource utilization of P. ginseng.

ObjectiveTo systematically elucidate the accumulation characteristics of secondary metabolites in the stems and leaves of Panax ginseng with different stem colors. MethodsUltra-high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry （UHPLC-QqQ-MS） was employed to determine the of 22 ginsenosides in the stems and leaves of 2- to 5-year-old P. ginseng plants with green and purple stems. Principal component analysis （PCA）， orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA）， and one-way analysis of variance （ANOVA） were performed to explore the distribution patterns of ginsenosides from three dimensions： tissue distribution， growth duration， and stem color. Results① Tissue distribution： Leaves served as the primary organ for ginsenoside accumulation， exhibiting significantly higher total ginsenoside content than stems， which indicated distinct tissue-specific distribution of ginsenosides. ② Growth duration： Ginsenoside levels in stems generally peaked in the 2-year-old plants before stabilizing， while those in leaves displayed a declining-rebounding pattern， indicating that the 2-year-old plants （harvest stage） was a critical time point for the resurgence of leaf ginsenosides. ③ Stem color： A stage-specific correlation was observed between stem color and ginsenoside accumulation. In stems， the early-growth stage （2-year-old） of purple-stemmed plants exhibited higher content of specific ginsenosides （e.g.， ginsenoside Rk₁ and notoginsenoside R₁）， which may be associated with its stronger early-stage stress resistance. In leaves， the content of core ginsenosides （e.g.， ginsenosides Re and Rd） in 5-year-old plants with green stems showed a surpassing trend， demonstrating higher potential of resource development. ConclusionThe accumulation of ginsenosides in P. ginseng stems and leaves is multidimensionally regulated by tissue type， growth duration， and stem color phenotypes. Purple-stemmed plants exhibit early-stage specific ginsenoside accumulation and stress resistance potential， whereas green-stemmed plants are more advantageous for core leaf ginsenoside development at the harvest stage. The findings confirm that aboveground stem color can serve as a biomarker for directed breeding and efficient resource utilization of P. ginseng.

Objective To study the requirement of exogenous phosphorus for 2-year-old and 3-year-old ginseng seedings.Methods Two-and three-year-old ginsengs were used as experimental materials.Calcium superphosphate and phosphorus-free Hoagland solution were used as fertilizer,and the concentrations of P2O5 were set to be 0 mmol·L-1,0.5 mmol·L-1,1.5 mmol·L-1,3 mmol·L-1,6 mmol·L-1,8 mmol·L-1,respectively.The effects of different concentrations of phosphorus fertilizer on agronomic indexes,photosynthetic characteristics and accumulation of ginsenosides Rg1,Rb1 and Re were studied.Results The plant height,stem diameter,root weight,leaf area,relative content of chlorophyll,net photosynthetic rate and total saponins content of different year-old panax ginseng were significantly increased by applying phosphorus at 1.5-3.0 mmol·L-1.Among them,compared with the phosphorus-free group,the root weight of second-year ginseng was increased by 16％and the saponin content was increased by 24％;the root weight of third-year ginseng was increased by 89％and the saponin content was increased by 132％.The appropriate application rate of phosphorus fertilizer(phosphorus pentoxide)during the growth of second and third year ginseng was 26.6 mg and 53.3 mg of plant,respectively.Conclusion External application of suitable concentration of phosphorus fertilizer can enhance the external morphological characteristics of ginseng,improve photosynthetic physiological properties and increase the content of active ingredients.

OBJECTIVETo observe the clinical efficacy on sleep disorder in the intervention of flying needling therapy and compare the efficacy difference among flying needling therapy, estazolam and non-acupoint acupuncture.

METHODSThree hundred and fifteen cases of sleep disorder were randomized into a flying needling group (110 cases), an estazolam group (107 cases) and a non-acupoint acupuncture group (98 cases). In the flying needling group, the flying needling therapy was applied to Sanyinjiao (SP 6), Anmian (EX HN22), Shenmen (HT 7) and so on. Additionally, vitamin B1 was prescribed for oral administration and the intradermal needle method was given at the Back-shu points. In the estazolam group, estazolam was prescribed for oral administration. Also the non-acupoint acupuncture and the acupoint sticking therapy on the Back-shu points were given additionally. In the non-acupoint acupuncture group, the non-acupoint acupuncture, oral administration of vitamin B1 and the acupoint sticking therapy on the Back-shu points were applied. The treatment of 2 weeks were required in all the groups. The efficacy and the score of PSQI (Pittsburgh sleep quality index) were observed in the 2-week follow-up visit.

RESULTSThe total effective rate in the flying needling group was 84.1% (90/107), which was superior to 59.7% (62/104) in the estazolam group and 25.0% (24/96) in the non-acupoint acupuncture group (both P < 0.05). In the follow-up observation, the score of each item and the total score of PSQI were lower apparently than those before treatment in each group (all P < 0.05), and those in the flying needling group were lower apparently than those in the other two groups (all P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe flying needling therapy as the chief therapeutic method effectively improves the sleep quality for the patients with sleep disorder, which is apparently superior to estazolam and non-acupoint acupuncture.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sleep ; Sleep Wake Disorders ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

Objective To investigate the incidence of in situ thrombosis of small pulmonary arteries and arterioles during the exacerbation stage of chronic cor pulmonale.Methods 49 autopsy cases died from the exacerbation of chronic cor pulmonale were chosen as the study group, while 103 other autopsy cases without chronic cor pulmonale and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) as control group. Morphologic and morphometric studies were taken on lung tissues and other organs with focus on the thrombi in small pulmonary arteries and arterioles.Results 44 cases of the study group had multiple thrombi in small pulmonary arteries and arterioles, the incidence is 89.8%, and in 9 of them, thrombi in proximal pulmonary arteries co-existed, the incidence is 18.4%. 80% of the thrombi existed in pulmonary arterioles. In the control group, only 3 cases had thrombi in small pulmonary arteries and arterioles, the incidence is 2.9%. All thrombi adhered to endangium, implying that they were in situ thrombi. No intravascular thrombosis was found in other organs. X2 test showed that the incidence of thrombosis and the number of thrombi in small pulmonary arteries and arterioles in cases with chronic cor pulmonale were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.01).Conclusions Multiple in situ thrombosis in small pulmonary arteries and arterioles is a prominent and common pathological change during the exacerbation stage of chronic cor pulmonale. The study suggests a new diagnostic and therapeutic concept and gives a morphological and theoretical basis for the clinical application of anticoagulants or even the thrombolytic agents for the cases of chronic cor pulmonale in the exacerbation stage.