Hepatic encephalopathy and malnutrition due to hyperammonemia often interact with each other, forming a vicious circle in patients with cirrhosis. In addition, hepatic encephalopathy and malnutrition have a high incidence in patients with cirrhosis, which seriously affects the quality of life and prognosis. Therefore, identifying whether malnutrition is present in patients with cirrhosis combined with hepatic encephalopathy is crucial for providing appropriate interventions.This article reviews the pathogenesis, nutritional assessment methods, and nutritional management of malnutrition in patients with liver cirrhosis combined with hepatic encephalopathy.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are widely used in the treatment of various malignant tumors. While achieving therapeutic benefits, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) caused by ICIs have also drawn clinical attention. irAEs can affect almost all organs in the body, and the diversity of clinical manifestations increases the difficulty for clinicians and pharmacists to diagnose and intervene. Therefore, finding reliable biomarkers that can accurately predict and diagnose irAEs has significant clinical value. This article reviews the research progress of biomarkers of ICIs-related adverse events, providing a reference for the safe application of these drugs in clinical treatment.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are widely used in the treatment of various malignant tumors. While achieving therapeutic benefits, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) caused by ICIs have also drawn clinical attention. irAEs can affect almost all organs in the body, and the diversity of clinical manifestations increases the difficulty for clinicians and pharmacists to diagnose and intervene. Therefore, finding reliable biomarkers that can accurately predict and diagnose irAEs has significant clinical value. This article reviews the research progress of biomarkers of ICIs-related adverse events, providing a reference for the safe application of these drugs in clinical treatment.

Hepatic encephalopathy and malnutrition due to hyperammonemia often interact with each other, forming a vicious circle in patients with cirrhosis. In addition, hepatic encephalopathy and malnutrition have a high incidence in patients with cirrhosis, which seriously affects the quality of life and prognosis. Therefore, identifying whether malnutrition is present in patients with cirrhosis combined with hepatic encephalopathy is crucial for providing appropriate interventions.This article reviews the pathogenesis, nutritional assessment methods, and nutritional management of malnutrition in patients with liver cirrhosis combined with hepatic encephalopathy.

Chronic hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection can lead to liver cirrhosis,and complications after liver cirrhosis,including hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),are the leading causes of death in patients with chronic liver diseases.Antiviral therapy can help to realize sustained virologic response,improve hepatitis and liver fibrosis,and delay disease progression.The safety and efficacy of direct-acting antivirals(DAAs)have been confirmed in patients with HCV-related liver cirrhosis,and whether DAAs can improve the complications and prognosis of patients with liver cirrhosis has gradually become a research hotspot.Related data are mainly reported by foreign scholars,and since DAAs have not been marketed in China for a long time,there is still a lack of mid-and long-term data.This article reviews the latest studies on the application of DAAs in patients with HCV-related liver cirrhosis and the impact of DAAs on clinical prognosis.

International collaboration in education enables learning from advanced teaching experience and promotes the reform, optimization, and upgrading of medical education and teaching. We analyzed the difficulties and challenges in the education concept, curriculum system, and teaching language mode of infectious diseases under the condition of international cooperation in education in Chongqing Medical University. We tried to upgrade the teaching concepts, optimize the curriculum, and explore teaching language mode in the practice of teaching infectious diseases. We used the methods of deepening cooperation between departments, strengthening the communication between teachers and students, and emphasizing teacher training. We also adopted a variety of teaching methods and flexible teaching modes based on teaching content. With these methods, we explored teaching models of infectious diseases suitable in the context of international cooperation in education.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, a kind of infectious disease that poses a major threat to human health, has attracted widespread attention worldwide. The prevention and control of hepatitis C are especially challenging in China's western region due to the complexity of the geographical background, the relatively backward economic development level, and the diversity of cultural background. The main purpose of this paper is to deeply explore the harm elimination model for hepatitis C in China's western region through a detailed analysis of the current epidemic status, an in-depth discussion of its harm, and a comprehensive evaluation of prevention and control strategies, combined with the specific characteristics so as to propose a practical elimination model and specific measures. Additionally, we aspire to provide valuable references and concepts for the prevention and control on national scale through these studies recommendations, thereby effectively reducing the threat of the hepatitis C virus to human health..

Objective:To explore and discuss hepatitis C processes of diagnosis, treatment, and management through intervention measures as well as the necessity of whole management attempt in education, screening, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up in hospitals.Method:The baseline status of HCV RNA detection, departmental distribution, consultation requests, specialist visits, and diagnosis and treatment of anti-HCV positive patients who visited the outpatient and inpatient departments of the Infectious Diseases of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from November 2019 to November 2020 was analyzed. Statistical analysis was re-conducted on the status of HCV RNA detection, departmental distribution, consultation requests, specialist visits, and treatment among anti-HCV positive patients following the implementation of intervention measures for patients and clinicians in the hospital. The differences were evaluated using the Pearson chi-square test. The Wilson score and the gamma distribution method were used to calculate the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results:The rates of consultation, referral, diagnosis, and treatment did not increase significantly following the intervention in the hospital for hepatitis C, and there was no statistically significant difference compared with the data before the intervention.Conclusion:The vast majority of anti-HCV-positive patients in non-infectious and a few infectious disease departments did not receive timely disease assessment, referral, diagnosis, and treatment because hospitals lacked a standard, consistent, and stringent whole management process for hepatitis C screening, thereby causing missed detection, diagnosis, and treatment.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, a kind of infectious disease that poses a major threat to human health, has attracted widespread attention worldwide. The prevention and control of hepatitis C are especially challenging in China's western region due to the complexity of the geographical background, the relatively backward economic development level, and the diversity of cultural background. The main purpose of this paper is to deeply explore the harm elimination model for hepatitis C in China's western region through a detailed analysis of the current epidemic status, an in-depth discussion of its harm, and a comprehensive evaluation of prevention and control strategies, combined with the specific characteristics so as to propose a practical elimination model and specific measures. Additionally, we aspire to provide valuable references and concepts for the prevention and control on national scale through these studies recommendations, thereby effectively reducing the threat of the hepatitis C virus to human health..

Objective:To explore and discuss hepatitis C processes of diagnosis, treatment, and management through intervention measures as well as the necessity of whole management attempt in education, screening, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up in hospitals.Method:The baseline status of HCV RNA detection, departmental distribution, consultation requests, specialist visits, and diagnosis and treatment of anti-HCV positive patients who visited the outpatient and inpatient departments of the Infectious Diseases of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from November 2019 to November 2020 was analyzed. Statistical analysis was re-conducted on the status of HCV RNA detection, departmental distribution, consultation requests, specialist visits, and treatment among anti-HCV positive patients following the implementation of intervention measures for patients and clinicians in the hospital. The differences were evaluated using the Pearson chi-square test. The Wilson score and the gamma distribution method were used to calculate the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results:The rates of consultation, referral, diagnosis, and treatment did not increase significantly following the intervention in the hospital for hepatitis C, and there was no statistically significant difference compared with the data before the intervention.Conclusion:The vast majority of anti-HCV-positive patients in non-infectious and a few infectious disease departments did not receive timely disease assessment, referral, diagnosis, and treatment because hospitals lacked a standard, consistent, and stringent whole management process for hepatitis C screening, thereby causing missed detection, diagnosis, and treatment.