Esophageal cancer is a malignant tumor of the digestive tract,with squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma accounting for over 99%of cases.Most patients are diagnosed at a locally advanced stage,and the efficacy of surgery alone is unsatisfactory.To improve the survival rate of patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer,researchers have explored a comprehensive treatment model based on neoadjuvant therapy,including neoadjuvant chemotherapy,neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy,neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy,and neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemoradiotherapy.Due to the differences in treatment sensitivity between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma,this article systematically reviewed the response characteristics of different pathological types of esopha-geal cancer to neoadjuvant therapy using the latest clinical research data.

Esophageal cancer is a malignant tumor of the digestive tract,with squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma accounting for over 99%of cases.Most patients are diagnosed at a locally advanced stage,and the efficacy of surgery alone is unsatisfactory.To improve the survival rate of patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer,researchers have explored a comprehensive treatment model based on neoadjuvant therapy,including neoadjuvant chemotherapy,neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy,neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy,and neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemoradiotherapy.Due to the differences in treatment sensitivity between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma,this article systematically reviewed the response characteristics of different pathological types of esopha-geal cancer to neoadjuvant therapy using the latest clinical research data.

Objective:To investigate the protective effect of all-trans retinoic acid(ATRA)on the function of NK cells dam-aged by oxidative stress in liver fibrosis.Methods:Mouse model with liver injury was established by carbon tetrachloride(CCl4),biochemical and pathological assays were used to evaluate the degree of liver injury and fibrosis in mice,and changes of NK cells and oxidative stress injury in liver tissue of mice were observed.In vitro,NK92 cell lines damaged by H2O2 oxidative stress were evaluated the protective effect of ATRA.Results:Liver inflammation and fibrosis were suppressed and liver function was improved in CCl4 model mice by ATRA treatment.ATRA could increase SOD activity and GSH content in liver tissue,which promoted the proportion and num-ber of hepatic NK cells.ATRA could protect NK cells from oxidative damage and apoptosis induced by H2O2 in vitro.Conclusion:ATRA can ameliorate liver injury and fibrosis induced by CCl4,which may be related to the inhibition of oxidative stress on NK cells.

Two patients (patient 1, a 63-year-old female; patient 2, a 22-year-old male) were treated with anlotinib for lung adenocarcinoma and synovial sarcoma, respectively. Patient 1 developed cough, expectoration, and dyspnea after 8 cycles of anlotinib treatment (12 mg orally once daily, 2 weeks of treatment and 1 week of withdrawal as a treatment cycle). Spontaneous pneumothorax was diagnosed by chest CT. The spontaneous pneumothorax was considered to be related to anlotinib. Then the drug was stopped. After thoracic cavity closed drainage therapy, the patient′s dyspnea was relieved. Due to the progress of the disease, the patient received reduced-dose anlotinib treatment (10 mg/d, with the same usage as before). Spontaneous pneumothorax recurred in the first cycle. Anlotinib treatment was terminated and the symptomatic treatments including thoracic cavity closed drainage, expectorant, anti-infection, and nutritional support were given. Ten days later, chest X-ray examination showed that pneumothorax was cured. Patient 2 developed spontaneous pneumothorax (found by chest CT examination) after 9 cycles of treatment with anlotinib (12 mg/d, with the same usage as that in patient 1). But the patient had no obvious discomfort and continued to use anlotinib under close monitoring of respiratory status.

Two patients (patient 1, a 63-year-old female; patient 2, a 22-year-old male) were treated with anlotinib for lung adenocarcinoma and synovial sarcoma, respectively. Patient 1 developed cough, expectoration, and dyspnea after 8 cycles of anlotinib treatment (12 mg orally once daily, 2 weeks of treatment and 1 week of withdrawal as a treatment cycle). Spontaneous pneumothorax was diagnosed by chest CT. The spontaneous pneumothorax was considered to be related to anlotinib. Then the drug was stopped. After thoracic cavity closed drainage therapy, the patient′s dyspnea was relieved. Due to the progress of the disease, the patient received reduced-dose anlotinib treatment (10 mg/d, with the same usage as before). Spontaneous pneumothorax recurred in the first cycle. Anlotinib treatment was terminated and the symptomatic treatments including thoracic cavity closed drainage, expectorant, anti-infection, and nutritional support were given. Ten days later, chest X-ray examination showed that pneumothorax was cured. Patient 2 developed spontaneous pneumothorax (found by chest CT examination) after 9 cycles of treatment with anlotinib (12 mg/d, with the same usage as that in patient 1). But the patient had no obvious discomfort and continued to use anlotinib under close monitoring of respiratory status.

Objective To explore the correlation between the genetic dissimilarity and heterozygosity of mates and the patho?genicity of Schistosoma japonicum in the definitive host. Methods By using seven microsatellite loci markers,S. japonicum genotyping of sixteen pairs randomly mated was performed,the genetic dissimilarity and heterozygosity were calculated between the mates,and the correlation between the genetic dissimilarity and heterozygosity of the mates and the pathogenicity of S. japon?icum in the definitive host was evaluated. Results There was a significant correlation between the genetic similarity of S. ja?ponicum mates and the mean number of eggs per worm pair in the liver and intestinal tissue (r = 0.501 6 ,P < 0.05;r =0.796 5,P<0.01,respectively)and the hatching rate of deposited eggs in the liver(r=0.508 3,P<0.05),respectively. There was no correlation between the genetic similarity of the mates and hepatosplenomegaly per worm pair(r=0.109 5,P>0.05;r=0.265 3,P>0.05,respectively)and the average diameter of granuloma in the liver(r=-0.272 7,P>0.05),respec?tively. There was no correlation between the heterozygosity of the mates and all the pathological parameters of S. japonicum in the definitive host(P > 0.05). Conclusions There is the correlation between the genetic dissimilarity of the mates and the pathogenicity of S. japonicum in the definitive host,and the genetic dissimilarity is greater,pathogenicity is weaker. There is no correlation between heterozygosity of the mates and the pathogenicity of S. japonicum in the definitive host.