ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of modified Buyang Huanwu Tang on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury （CI/RI） in mice via the PTEN-induced putative kinase 1/E3 ubiquitin ligase （PINK1/Parkin） signaling pathway-mediated mitophagy， and to explore the underlying mechanism by which modified Buyang Huanwu Tang improves CI/RI. MethodsSeventy-two male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into six groups （n = 12 per group）： Sham-operated group， middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion （MCAO/R） model group， low-， medium-， and high-dose modified Buyang Huanwu Tang groups （8.84， 17.68， 35.36 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， and an aspirin group （13.00 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）. Neurological deficit scores were assessed using the Zea-Longa method. Cerebral infarct volume ratio was measured by 2，3，5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride （TTC） staining. Histopathological changes and neuronal injury in brain tissues were observed using hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining and Nissl staining. Apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling （TUNEL） assay. Mitochondrial ultrastructure in brain tissue was observed by transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. Serum levels of superoxide dismutase （SOD） and malondialdehyde （MDA） were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The mRNA and protein expression levels of PINK1， Parkin， microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B （LC3B， LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ）， and p62 in brain tissues were detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR （Real-time PCR） and Western blot， respectively. ResultsCompared with the sham-operated group， the MCAO/R model group showed significantly increased neurological deficit scores and cerebral infarct volume ratios （P<0.01）. Severe cortical injury on the infarct side was observed， characterized by decreased neuronal density， cytoplasmic vacuolation， nuclear pyknosis， a marked reduction in Nissl bodies， dissolution of Nissl bodies in the cytoplasm of some pyramidal neurons， and blurred cellular boundaries. The number of TUNEL-positive cells increased significantly （P<0.01）. Mitochondria exhibited cristae membrane rupture and matrix vacuolation， with rupture of the outer mitochondrial membrane and formation of autophagosomes， the number of which increased significantly. Serum SOD activity decreased significantly （P<0.01）， while MDA content increased significantly （P<0.01）. In infarcted brain tissues of model mice， the relative mRNA expression and protein levels of PINK1， Parkin and LC3B were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， whereas p62 mRNA and protein expression were significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， showing statistical significance. Compared with the model group， all treatment groups showed significantly decreased neurological deficit scores and cerebral infarct volume ratios （P<0.01）. Neuronal density increased significantly， cytoplasmic vacuolation was alleviated， nuclear morphology tended to be more regular and clearer， Nissl body density increased significantly with reduced dissolution and improved contour clarity. The mitochondrial cristae structure was partially restored， with some mitochondria showing autophagosome encapsulation， and the degree of mitochondrial damage was alleviated. Serum SOD activity increased significantly （P<0.01）， while MDA content decreased significantly. The mRNA and protein expression levels of PINK1， Parkin， and LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while p62 mRNA and protein expression in the low- and medium-dose modified Buyang Huanwu Tang groups were significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， showing statistical significance. ConclusionModified Buyang Huanwu Tang can upregulate the protein expression levels of PINK1， Parkin， and LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ and downregulate p62 protein expression， suggesting that it may improve CI/RI by regulating the expression of proteins related to the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway. Regulation of the mitophagy pathway may be one of the mechanisms by which modified Buyang Huanwu Tang alleviates CI/RI in mice.

Objective:To explore the incidence characteristics and correlation analysis of Western dryness syndrome in pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Moyu County,Hetian Prefecture,Xinjiang,and to provide a basis for the prevention and treatment strategies and effectiveness evaluation of pulmonary tuberculosis in Xinjiang.Methods:89 confirmed cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in Moyu County,Hotian Prefecture,Xinjiang from October 2023 to October 2024 were selected as the case group,and 117 healthy individuals matched with the case group in terms of gender,age,and education level in Moyu County,Hotian Prefecture,Xinjiang during the same period were selected as the control group.The general information and incidence of Northwest dryness syndrome between two groups were compared.The incidence and severity of Northwest dryness syndrome in tuberculosis patients,as well as the main and secondary syndrome scores of Northwest dryness syndrome were analyzed.The influencing factors of pulmonary tuberculosis were analyzed.The scores of the main syndrome of Northwest dryness syndrome(lung wei kong pi dryness syndrome)and the concurrent syndrome of Northwest dryness syndrome(heart kidney yin deficiency syndrome,lung heart spleen wind fire dryness syndrome,liver kidney essence blood deficiency syndrome,spleen stomach dampness syndrome,spleen stomach yin deficiency syndrome)between the control group and the case group were compared.The correlation between pulmonary tuberculosis and the on set of Northwest dryness syndrome were analyzed by Spearman rank sum test.Results:There was no significant difference between the control group and the case group in terms of body mass index(BMI),age,education level,gender,etc.(P＞0.05).The incidence of Northwest dryness syndrome in the case group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P＜0.05).The Northwest Dry Syndrome Scale score in the severe group was higher than that in the mild and moderate groups,and the Northwest Dry Syndrome Scale score in the moderate group was higher than that in the mild group(P＜0.05).Among 89 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis,the main syndrome of lung wei kong pi dryness syndrome had the highest number of cases,totaling 42 cases(47.19％).The highest number of concurrent syndromes were heart kidney yin deficiency syndrome,totaling 36 cases(40.45％),followed by spleen stomach yin deficiency syndrome,totaling 35 cases(39.33％).The results showed that suffering from Northwest dryness syndrome was a risk factor for pulmonary tuberculosis(P＜0.05).There were significant differences in the scores of the main syndrome of Northwest dryness(Lung Wei Kong Pi dryness syndrome),the concurrent syndrome of Northwest dryness(Lung Heart Spleen Wind Fire dryness syndrome),and the concurrent syndrome of Northwest dryness(Spleen Stomach Yin Deficiency syndrome)between the control group and the case group(P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in the scores of Northwest dryness syndrome(liver and kidney essence and blood deficiency syndrome),Northwest dryness syndrome(heart and kidney yin deficiency syndrome),and Northwest dryness syndrome(spleen and stomach dampness syndrome)between the control group and the case group(P＞0.05).The score of pulmonary tuberculosis syndrome was positively correlated with various types of Northwest dryness syndrome(P＜0.05),and there was a significant correlation at the 0.001 level between pulmonary Wei Kong Pi dryness syndrome,pulmonary heart spleen wind fire dryness syndrome,and spleen stomach dampness syndrome(P＜0.05).The correlation between liver and kidney essence and blood deficiency syndrome and spleen and stomach yin deficiency syndrome is significant at the 0.01 level(P＜0.05).The correlation between heart and kidney yin deficiency syndrome is significant at the 0.05 level(P＜0.05).Conclusion:The northwest dryness syndrome is related to the occurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Moyu County,Hotan Prefecture,Xinjiang,and is a risk factor for the occurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis.There is a significant positive correlation between the pulmonary tuberculosis syndrome score and various types of northwest dryness syndrome,among which the lung wei kong pi dryness syndrome,lung heart spleen wind fire dryness syndrome,and spleen stomach dampness syndrome have the most significant impact on the pulmonary nucleus syndrome score.

Basket trial, as an innovative clinical trial design concept, marks the transformation of medical research from the traditional large-scale and single-disease treatment to the precise and individualized treatment. By gradually incorporating the Bayesian method during development, the trial design becomes more scientific and reasonable and increases its efficiency. The fundamental principle of the Bayesian method is the utilization of prior knowledge in conjunction with new observational data to dynamically update the posterior probability. This flexibility enhances the basket trial's capacity to effectively adapt to variations during the research process. Consequently, it enables researchers to dynamically adjust research strategies based on accumulated data and improve the predictive accuracy regarding treatment responses. In addition, the design concept of the basket trial aligns with the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) principle of "homotherapy for heteropathy". The principle of "homotherapy for heteropathy" emphasizes that under certain conditions, different diseases may have the same treatment. Similarly, basket trials allow using a uniform trial design across multiple diseases, offering enhanced operational and significant practical value in the realm of TCM, particularly within the context of syndrome-based disease research. By introducing basket trials, the design of TCM clinical studies will be more scientific and yield higher-quality evidence. This study systematically categorized various Bayesian methods and models utilized in basket trials, evaluated their strengths and weaknesses, and identified their appropriate application contexts, so as to offer a practical guide for designing basket trials in the realm of TCM.
Bayes Theorem ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional/methods* ; Research Design ; Clinical Trials as Topic/methods* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use*

Objective To investigate the protective effects of paeonol(PAE)on autophagy in human neuroblastoma cells(SH-SY5Y)induced by overexpression of α-synuclein(α-Syn),and to explore its related mechanism.Methods SH-SY5Y cells served as control group,while those induced with A53T-α-Syn mutation were used as model group.Additional groups included PAE(150 μg/ml)group,3-MA(1 mmol/L)group,and PAE(150 μg/ml)+3-MA(1 mmol/L)group.Cell viability was assessed using CCK-8 method,cell morphology was observed under an optical microscope,and protein expressions of α-Syn,LC3-Ⅱ,p62,Beclin-1,phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase(p-JNK),and p-Bcl-2 were determined by Western blotting.Results Compared with control group,model control exhibited decreased cell survival(P＜0.01),increased α-Syn expression(P＜0.001),reduced expression of autophagy-related proteins LC3-Ⅱ and Beclin-1(P＜0.01,P＜0.05),elevated autophagy substrate protein p62(P＜0.05),and decreased expression of autophagy pathway-related proteins p-JNK and Bcl-2(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).Compared with model group,PAE group showed increased cell survival(P＜0.01),decreased α-Syn and p62 protein expression(P＜0.01,P＜0.05),and increased expression of LC3-Ⅱ,Beclin-1,p-JNK and Bcl-2(P＜0.05).Compared with PAE group,3-MA+PAE group demonstrated increased α-Syn expression(P＜0.05).Conclusions PAE could attenuate the injury of SH-SY5Y cells induced by A53T-α-Syn and eliminate over-expressed α-Syn by activating autophagy pathway,which may be associated with the upregulation of JNK/Bcl-2 mediated autophagy pathway.

OBJECTIVE: High-altitude hypoxia exposure often damages hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. Nogo-A is an important axonal growth inhibitory factor. However, its function in high-altitude hypoxia and its mechanism of action remain unclear. METHODS: In an in vivo study, a low-pressure oxygen chamber was used to simulate high-altitude hypoxia, and genetic or pharmacological intervention was used to block the Nogo-A/NgR1 signaling pathway. Contextual fear conditioning and Morris water maze behavioral tests were used to assess learning and memory in rats, and synaptic damage in the hippocampus and changes in oxidative stress levels were observed. In vitro, SH-SY5Y cells were used to assess oxidative stress and mitochondrial function with or without Nogo-A knockdown in Oxygen Glucose-Deprivation/Reperfusion (OGD/R) models. RESULTS: Exposure to acute high-altitude hypoxia for 3 or 7 days impaired learning and memory in rats, triggered oxidative stress in the hippocampal tissue, and reduced the dendritic spine density of hippocampal neurons. Blocking the Nogo-A/NgR1 pathway ameliorated oxidative stress, synaptic damage, and the learning and memory impairment induced by high-altitude exposure. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate the detrimental role of Nogo-A protein in mediating learning and memory impairment under high-altitude hypoxia and suggest the potential of the Nogo-A/NgR1 signaling pathway as a crucial therapeutic target for alleviating learning and memory dysfunction induced by high-altitude exposure. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT available in www.besjournal.com.
Animals ; Oxidative Stress ; Hippocampus/metabolism* ; Rats ; Nogo Proteins/genetics* ; Male ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Hypoxia/metabolism* ; Altitude ; Synapses ; Humans ; Altitude Sickness/metabolism*

As global greenhouse gases continue rising, the urgency of more ambitious action is clearer than ever before. China is the world's biggest emitter of greenhouse gases and one of the countries affected most by climate change. The evidence about the impacts of climate change on the environment and human health may encourage China to take more decisive action to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate impacts. This article aimed to review the evidence of environmental damages and health risks posed by climate change and to provide a new science-based perspective for the delivery of sustainable development goals. Over recent decades, China has experienced a strong warming pattern with a growing frequency of extreme weather events, and the impacts of climate change on China's environment and human health have been consistently observed, with increasing O ₃ air pollution, decreases in water resources and availability, land degradation, and increased risks for both communicable and non-communicable diseases. Therefore, China's climate policy should target the key factors driving climate change and scale up strategic measures to curb carbon emissions and adapt to inevitable increasing climate impacts. It provides new insights for not only China but also other countries, particularly developing and emerging economies, to ensure climate and environmental sustainability whilst pursuing economic growth.
Climate Change ; China ; Humans ; Greenhouse Gases ; Air Pollution ; Sustainable Development ; Environment

AIM To establish the near-infrared spectroscopy quantitative models for moisture,23-acetylalismol B and 23-acetylalismol C in Alismatis Rhizoma decoction pieces.METHODS The near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS)data were collected in 95 batches of decoction pieces,after which drying method was adopted in the content determination of moisture,HPLC was applied to determining the contents of 23-acetylalismol B and 23-acetylalismol C,the quantitative models were established by partial least squares method combined with feature extraction algorithms.RESULTS The model training determination coefficients were 0.952 6,0.958 1 and 0.920 8,along with the prediction determination coefficients of 0.930 0,0.905 2 and 0.906 4,the residual prediction deviations(PRD)of 4.00,3.58 and 3.46,and the root mean square error ratios of prediction values to calibration values(RMSEP/RMSEC)of 1.15,1.11 and 1.06,respectively.CONCLUSION The quantitative models based on NIRS exhibit good prediction effects,which can be used for the rapid quality detection of Alismatis Rhizoma decoction pieces.

AIM To establish the near-infrared spectroscopy quantitative models for moisture,23-acetylalismol B and 23-acetylalismol C in Alismatis Rhizoma decoction pieces.METHODS The near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS)data were collected in 95 batches of decoction pieces,after which drying method was adopted in the content determination of moisture,HPLC was applied to determining the contents of 23-acetylalismol B and 23-acetylalismol C,the quantitative models were established by partial least squares method combined with feature extraction algorithms.RESULTS The model training determination coefficients were 0.952 6,0.958 1 and 0.920 8,along with the prediction determination coefficients of 0.930 0,0.905 2 and 0.906 4,the residual prediction deviations(PRD)of 4.00,3.58 and 3.46,and the root mean square error ratios of prediction values to calibration values(RMSEP/RMSEC)of 1.15,1.11 and 1.06,respectively.CONCLUSION The quantitative models based on NIRS exhibit good prediction effects,which can be used for the rapid quality detection of Alismatis Rhizoma decoction pieces.

Objective:To explore the incidence characteristics and correlation analysis of Western dryness syndrome in pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Moyu County,Hetian Prefecture,Xinjiang,and to provide a basis for the prevention and treatment strategies and effectiveness evaluation of pulmonary tuberculosis in Xinjiang.Methods:89 confirmed cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in Moyu County,Hotian Prefecture,Xinjiang from October 2023 to October 2024 were selected as the case group,and 117 healthy individuals matched with the case group in terms of gender,age,and education level in Moyu County,Hotian Prefecture,Xinjiang during the same period were selected as the control group.The general information and incidence of Northwest dryness syndrome between two groups were compared.The incidence and severity of Northwest dryness syndrome in tuberculosis patients,as well as the main and secondary syndrome scores of Northwest dryness syndrome were analyzed.The influencing factors of pulmonary tuberculosis were analyzed.The scores of the main syndrome of Northwest dryness syndrome(lung wei kong pi dryness syndrome)and the concurrent syndrome of Northwest dryness syndrome(heart kidney yin deficiency syndrome,lung heart spleen wind fire dryness syndrome,liver kidney essence blood deficiency syndrome,spleen stomach dampness syndrome,spleen stomach yin deficiency syndrome)between the control group and the case group were compared.The correlation between pulmonary tuberculosis and the on set of Northwest dryness syndrome were analyzed by Spearman rank sum test.Results:There was no significant difference between the control group and the case group in terms of body mass index(BMI),age,education level,gender,etc.(P＞0.05).The incidence of Northwest dryness syndrome in the case group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P＜0.05).The Northwest Dry Syndrome Scale score in the severe group was higher than that in the mild and moderate groups,and the Northwest Dry Syndrome Scale score in the moderate group was higher than that in the mild group(P＜0.05).Among 89 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis,the main syndrome of lung wei kong pi dryness syndrome had the highest number of cases,totaling 42 cases(47.19％).The highest number of concurrent syndromes were heart kidney yin deficiency syndrome,totaling 36 cases(40.45％),followed by spleen stomach yin deficiency syndrome,totaling 35 cases(39.33％).The results showed that suffering from Northwest dryness syndrome was a risk factor for pulmonary tuberculosis(P＜0.05).There were significant differences in the scores of the main syndrome of Northwest dryness(Lung Wei Kong Pi dryness syndrome),the concurrent syndrome of Northwest dryness(Lung Heart Spleen Wind Fire dryness syndrome),and the concurrent syndrome of Northwest dryness(Spleen Stomach Yin Deficiency syndrome)between the control group and the case group(P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in the scores of Northwest dryness syndrome(liver and kidney essence and blood deficiency syndrome),Northwest dryness syndrome(heart and kidney yin deficiency syndrome),and Northwest dryness syndrome(spleen and stomach dampness syndrome)between the control group and the case group(P＞0.05).The score of pulmonary tuberculosis syndrome was positively correlated with various types of Northwest dryness syndrome(P＜0.05),and there was a significant correlation at the 0.001 level between pulmonary Wei Kong Pi dryness syndrome,pulmonary heart spleen wind fire dryness syndrome,and spleen stomach dampness syndrome(P＜0.05).The correlation between liver and kidney essence and blood deficiency syndrome and spleen and stomach yin deficiency syndrome is significant at the 0.01 level(P＜0.05).The correlation between heart and kidney yin deficiency syndrome is significant at the 0.05 level(P＜0.05).Conclusion:The northwest dryness syndrome is related to the occurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Moyu County,Hotan Prefecture,Xinjiang,and is a risk factor for the occurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis.There is a significant positive correlation between the pulmonary tuberculosis syndrome score and various types of northwest dryness syndrome,among which the lung wei kong pi dryness syndrome,lung heart spleen wind fire dryness syndrome,and spleen stomach dampness syndrome have the most significant impact on the pulmonary nucleus syndrome score.

Long non-coding RNA(lncRNA)can affect the occurrence and development of diseases by directly or indirectly regulating target genes and their signal pathways.With the deepening of research,more and more lncRNA have been found to be involved in regulating the occurrence,development and drug resistance of multiple myeloma(MM).Therefore,it is necessary to study the role and molecular mechanism of abnormal expression of lncRNA in MM,which can provide theoretical basis for clinical diagnosis and targeted therapy.