Objective:To explore the neuropathological characteristics of brain tissues from autopsy of patients with schizophrenia.Methods:Forty-two autopsy cases from National Human Brain Bank for Health and Disease, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University from January 2013 to December 2024 were selected as research subjects, among which, 21 were schizophrenia patients(schizophrenia group) and 21 were non-schizophrenia patients (non-schizophrenia group). Clinical data of patients from the two groups were compared. HE staining was used to detect the pathological changes such as infarction, hemorrhage and arteriosclerosis in the brain tissues, silver-nitrate staining was used to detect the amyloid plaques in the brain tissues, Congo red staining was used to detect the pathological changes related to cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) in the brain tissues, modified Gallyas silver staining was used to detect the neurofibrillary tangles in the brain tissues, and immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expressions of phosphorylated tau protein, β-amyloid protein (Aβ), TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43), and α-synuclein in the brain tissues. Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change (ADNC), primary age-related tauopathy (PART), limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE), aging-related tau astrogliopathy (ARTAG), Lewy body disease (LBD), and cerebrovascular disease (CVD)-related pathological changes in the brain tissues were evaluated, and differences in positive rates of the above pathological changes were compared.Results:No significant difference in gender, age of death, brain weight, or apolipoprotein E genotype was noted between the schizophrenia group and non-schizophrenia group ( P>0.05). Six schizophrenia patients exhibited low-to-intermediate ADNC, including 4 with low ADNC and 2 with intermediate ADNC. Compared with the non-schizophrenia group, the positive rates of ADNC- and CVD-related pathological changes in the schizophrenia group were significantly higher (0 vs. 28.6%; 9.5% vs. 47.6%, P<0.05). No significant differences in positive rates of PART-, LATE-, ARTAG-, and LBD-related pathological changes were noted between the schizophrenia group and non-schizophrenia group ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Schizophrenia patients show high proportions of ADNC- and CVD-related pathological changes, but relatively low ADNC severity.

Telomerase reverse transcriptase(TERT)promoter mutation(TPM)in the TERT gene is one of the most frequent genetic alterations in adult-type diffuse gliomas,particularly in IDH-wildtype glioblastoma and IDH-mu-tant oligodendroglioma with 1p/19q co-deletion.Consequently,the WHO(2021)classification of tumors of the central nervous system incorporates TPM as a key molecular criterion for molecular subtyping and grading,differential diagno-sis,prognosis assessment,and treatment-planning in these gliomas.This article briefly reviews the physiological roles of TERT,the relationship between TPM and gliomagenesis.In order to provide reference for clinical practice.

Telomerase reverse transcriptase(TERT)promoter mutation(TPM)in the TERT gene is one of the most frequent genetic alterations in adult-type diffuse gliomas,particularly in IDH-wildtype glioblastoma and IDH-mu-tant oligodendroglioma with 1p/19q co-deletion.Consequently,the WHO(2021)classification of tumors of the central nervous system incorporates TPM as a key molecular criterion for molecular subtyping and grading,differential diagno-sis,prognosis assessment,and treatment-planning in these gliomas.This article briefly reviews the physiological roles of TERT,the relationship between TPM and gliomagenesis.In order to provide reference for clinical practice.

Objective:To explore the neuropathological characteristics of brain tissues from autopsy of patients with schizophrenia.Methods:Forty-two autopsy cases from National Human Brain Bank for Health and Disease, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University from January 2013 to December 2024 were selected as research subjects, among which, 21 were schizophrenia patients(schizophrenia group) and 21 were non-schizophrenia patients (non-schizophrenia group). Clinical data of patients from the two groups were compared. HE staining was used to detect the pathological changes such as infarction, hemorrhage and arteriosclerosis in the brain tissues, silver-nitrate staining was used to detect the amyloid plaques in the brain tissues, Congo red staining was used to detect the pathological changes related to cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) in the brain tissues, modified Gallyas silver staining was used to detect the neurofibrillary tangles in the brain tissues, and immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expressions of phosphorylated tau protein, β-amyloid protein (Aβ), TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43), and α-synuclein in the brain tissues. Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change (ADNC), primary age-related tauopathy (PART), limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE), aging-related tau astrogliopathy (ARTAG), Lewy body disease (LBD), and cerebrovascular disease (CVD)-related pathological changes in the brain tissues were evaluated, and differences in positive rates of the above pathological changes were compared.Results:No significant difference in gender, age of death, brain weight, or apolipoprotein E genotype was noted between the schizophrenia group and non-schizophrenia group ( P>0.05). Six schizophrenia patients exhibited low-to-intermediate ADNC, including 4 with low ADNC and 2 with intermediate ADNC. Compared with the non-schizophrenia group, the positive rates of ADNC- and CVD-related pathological changes in the schizophrenia group were significantly higher (0 vs. 28.6%; 9.5% vs. 47.6%, P<0.05). No significant differences in positive rates of PART-, LATE-, ARTAG-, and LBD-related pathological changes were noted between the schizophrenia group and non-schizophrenia group ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Schizophrenia patients show high proportions of ADNC- and CVD-related pathological changes, but relatively low ADNC severity.

Objective:To investigate the effect of serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 2 (SRSF2) on ferroptosis and its possible mechanism in glioblastoma cells.Methods:The online database of gene expression profiling interactive analysis 2 (GEPIA 2) and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas were used to analyze the expression of SRSF2 in glioblastoma tissue and its association with patients prognosis. To validate the findings of the online databases, the pathological sections of glioblastoma and non-tumor brain tissues from Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China were collected and analyzed by using immunohistochemistry. Silencing SRSF2 gene expression in glioblastoma cells by siRNA was analyzed with Western blot. The proliferation index was detected by using CCK8 assay. The rescued experiment was conducted by using expression plasmid of pcDNA3.1(+)-SRSF2. The activity of ferroptosis was assessed by using the levels of iron ions and malondialdehyde in glioblastoma cells and the changes in the ratio of glutathione to oxidized glutathione. The changes of gene expression and differential pre-mRNA alternative splicing (PMAS) induced by SRSF2 were monitored by using the third-generation sequencing technology analysis, namely Oxford nanopore technologies (ONT) sequencing analysis.Results:SRSF2 expression was higher in glioblastoma tissues than non-tumor brain tissues. Immunohistochemistry also showed a positive rate of 88.48%±4.60% in glioblastoma tissue which was much higher than the 9.97%±4.57% in non-tumor brain tissue. The expression of SRSF2 was inversely correlated with overall and disease-free disease survivals ( P<0.01). The proliferation index of glioblastoma cells was significantly reduced by silencing with SRSF2 siRNA ( P<0.01) and could be reversed with transfection of exogenous SRSF2. The levels of intracellulariron ions and malondialdehyde increased ( P<0.05), but the glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio and the expression of key proteins in the glutathione pathway remained unchanged ( P>0.05). ONT sequencing results showed that silencing SRSF2 in glioblastoma cells could induce a significant alternative 3' splice site change on ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1). Conclusion:SRSF2 inhibits the ferroptosis in glioblastoma cells and promotes their proliferation, which may be achieved by regulating FSP1 PMAS.

Objective To investigate the age-related changes of biomechanical properties for humerus, femur and tibia in male rats and their application values in age estimation. Methods According to different weeks of age, 90 healthy male SD rats were divided into 2, 4, 6, 8, 17, 26, 52, 78 and 104-week groups with 10 rats in eachgroup. After the rats were executed by excessive anesthesia, humerus, femur, and tibia were separated and the attached soft tissues were removed. The length of the above-mentioned bones and the diameter of the middle section (compression site) were measured with vernier caliper, and the three-point bending test was conducted with electronic universal material testing machine to detect the ultimate load and displacement under ultimate load. Results There were significant differences in the ultimate load of humerus, femur and tibia among male rats in different age groups (P<0. 05). With the increase of week age, the ultimate loads of the humerus, femur and tibia increased first and then decreased, and reached the peak value in 52-week age group, showing a strong positive correlation with week age before 52 weeks ( r = 0. 884,0. 933,0. 929, P<0. 05). There was no significant difference in humerus and tibia. The displacement of femur under ultimate load was weakly positively correlated with week age (R= 0. 406,P<0. 05). The age prediction accuracy for automatic linear modeling of ultimate load for humerus, femur, tibia and three above-mentioned bones in rats before 52-week age was 78. 2% , 86. 8% , 84. 1% and 88. 3% , respectively. There was a strong positive correlation between the length of humerus, femur and tibia and the ultimate load (R= 0. 904, 0. 897, 0. 814, P<0. 05). The diameters of humerus, femur and tibia were strongly positively correlated with the ultimate load (R = 0. 759, 0. 814 and 0. 745, P<0. 05). Conclusions The ultimate loads of humerus, femur and tibia in male rats increased first and then decreased with age, and were positively correlated with age before 52 weeks, which could be used for age inference. The highest accuracy of age estimation was ultimate loads of three bones, followed by femur. The length/ middle diameter of humerus, femur and tibia were strongly positively correlated with the ultimate load.

Pear is one of the main fruits with thousands of years of cultivation history in China. There are more than 2000 varieties of pear cultivars around the world, including more than 1200 varieties or cultivars in China (Legrand et al., 2016). Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is an important pear production region in China with 30 of varieties or cultivars. Pyrus sinkiangensis is the most popular variety, which is mainly distributed in Xinjiang (Zhou et al., 2018). Chlorogenic acid (CGA), p-coumaric acid, and arbutin are the main polyphenols in pear fruit, and their levels show great differences among different varieties (Li et al., 2014). CGA is a potential chemo-preventive agent, which possesses many important bioactivities including antioxidant, diabetes attenuating, and anti-obesity (Wang et al., 2021). Therefore, the specific CGA content of a variety is considered the embodiment of the functional nutritional value of pears.
Chlorogenic Acid ; Fruit ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Pyrus/genetics* ; Transcriptome

Based on the characteristics of forensic pathology, this paper explains the concept, connotation and advantages of holistic medicine and integrated medicine in the teaching of forensic pathology. Then, through the introduction of the specific teaching process design and effect analysis of the death cause analysis practical cases, it clarifies the necessity and effectiveness of integrated medicine and holistic medicine in the teaching of forensic pathology, and provides new ideas for the reform of the overall teaching of forensic pathology.

OBJECTIVE： To observe the efficacy and safety of fluorouracil combined with paracetamol in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis and its effects on related indexes. METHODS： Totally 115 patients with knee osteoarthritis admitted to our hospital from March 2015 to March 2018 were divided into control group （57 cases） and observation group （58 cases） according to medication plan. Control group was given Paracetamol tablets 0.3 g orally， 3 times a day， for consecutive 8 weeks. Observation group was additionally given intra-articular injection of Fluorouracil injection 0.075 g on the basis of control group， once a week， 4 times as a treatment course， for 2 courses in total. Clinical efficacies， VAS scores， Lysholm knee scores， Fugl-Meyer Assessment （FMA） scores， Barthel indexes， WHO QOL-BREF scores before and after treatment and the occurrence of ADR of 2 groups were observed. RESULTS： The total response rate of observation group was 94.83％， which was significantly higher than 78.95％ of control group （P＜0.05）. Before treatment， there was no statistical significance in VAS score， Lysholm knee scores， FMA scores， Barthel index or QOL-BREF scores between 2 groups （P＞0.05）. After treatment， VAS scores of 2 groups were significantly lower than before treatment， and the observation group was lower than the control group； Lysholm knee scores， FMA scores， Barthel indexes and QOL-BREF scores were significantly higher than the same group before treatment， and observation group was significantly higher than control group （P＜0.05）. There was no statistical significance in the incidence of ADR between 2 groups （P＞0.05）. No severe ADR was found in 2 groups during treatment. CONCLUSIONS： Fluorouracil combined with paracetamol can significantly improve therapeutic efficacy of patients with knee osteoarthritis， and can significantly improve knee function， motor function， self-care ability and quality of life without increasing the occurrence of ADR.

OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effect mechanism of diazoxide on the proliferation and apoptosis of chondrocytes with oxidative injury based on endoplasmic reticulum stress （ERS） pathway. METHODS： SD mice were selected for primary culture of articular chondrocytes. The 3rd generation chondrocytes were randomly divided into control group， injury model group and diazoxide group. Control group didn’t receive any treatment. The injury model group was incubated with 300 μmol/L hydrogen peroxide （H2O2） at 37 ℃ for 8 h. Diazoxide group was pretreated with 300 μmol/L diazoxide at 37 ℃ for 0.5 h，and then incubated with 300 μmol/L H2O2 for 8 h. The proliferation of chondrocytes was detected by CCK-8 assay. The apoptosis rate of chondrocytes was detected by flow cytometry. The expression of ERS-related proteins [Caspase-3， Bcl-2-associated X（Bax），C/EBP homologous protein （CHOP）] were detected by Western blotting assay. RESULTS： Compared with control group， the proliferation activity of chondrocytes in injury model group was significantly decreased， while apoptosis rate was increased significantly（P＜0.05）；the protein expression of Caspase-3， Bax and CHOP were increased significantly （P＜0.05）. Compared with injury model group， the proliferation activity of chondrocytes in diazoxide group was increased significantly， while the apoptosis rate was decreased significantly （P＜0.05）； the expression of above related proteins were decreased significantly （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS： Diazoxide can improve the proliferation activity of chondrocytes with oxidative injury and inhibit their apoptosis by inhibiting ERS pathway.