Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute infectious respiratory disease that has been prevalent since December 2019. Chinese medicine (CM) has demonstrated its unique advantages in the fight against COVID-19 in the areas of disease prevention, improvement of clinical symptoms, and control of disease progression. This review summarized the relevant material components of CM in the treatment of COVID-19 by searching the relevant literature and reports on CM in the treatment of COVID-19 and combining with the physiological and pathological characteristics of the novel coronavirus. On the basis of sorting out experimental methods in vivo and in vitro, the mechanism of herb action was further clarified in terms of inhibiting virus invasion and replication and improving related complications. The aim of the article is to explore the strengths and characteristics of CM in the treatment of COVID-19, and to provide a basis for the research and scientific, standardized treatment of COVID-19 with CM.
Humans ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects* ; COVID-19/therapy* ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional/methods* ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology* ; Animals

Widespread utilization of glyphosate has led to environmental residues,posing potential threats to ecological systems and human health.Traditional methods for detection of glyphosate are limited by specialized equipment and operational techniques,resulting in inefficient responses.Therefore,it is urgent to develop a convenient,sensitive and accurate detection method for detection of glyphosate.Herein,a new naphthalenesulfonamide-based"Turn-on"fluorescent probe was synthesized using 2-chloroaniline and dansyl chloride as raw materials through a one-step process,which showed a good linear relationship between the glyphosate concentration in concentration range of 0.003-70 μmol/L and the fluorescence intensity(R2=0.995),with a detection limit of 2.73 nmol/L(S/N=3).Analytical techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry(HRMS)were used to investigate the interaction mechanism between the fluorescent probe and glyphosate.The results indicated that a nucleophilic substitution reaction occurred between the probe and the secondary amine(—NH—)of glyphosate,inducing a photoinduced electron transfer(PET)effect which enhanced the fluorescence intensity by 11.2 times.The probe showed good anti-interference ability towards coexisting metal ions,anions and pesticides in water.When applied to determination of glyphosate in the samples such as tap water,river water(Xiangxi River Reservoir),soil,soybeans,and corn,the spiking recoveries ranged from 94.7％to 109.9％,demonstrating the high accuracy and broad applicability of this detection method.A portable test strip based on this fluorescent probe was developed for rapid semi-quantitative analysis of glyphosate.The developed method was rapid,sensitive,and portable,providing theoretical and technical support for on-site measurement of environmental contaminants.

Objective:To determine the genetic causes of dystonic cerebral palsy (DCP) of unknown etiology by using whole exome and mitochondrial gene detection methods, and to analyze clues for early identification of DCP.Methods:This was a retrospective analysis of clinical data describing 21 children with unknown etiology and DCP-like phenotypes. It involved collecting a detailed medical history, biochemical testing, neuroimaging, electroencephalography and hematuria metabolic screening. Peripheral blood was collected from the children, their parents and their siblings. Genomic DNA was extracted, and whole exome and/or mitochondrial gene sequencing was performed to obtain variant sites and annotations. The candidate variants were verified by Sanger sequencing.Results:No clear perinatal risk factors were found in the 21 cases, though there was 1 case of family history. Laboratory tests found increased lactic acid in 3 and abnormal thyroid function in 2 cases. The neuroimaging showed lesions in the basal ganglia in 2 cases, delayed myelination in 6 cases, sometimes with cortical dysplasia, a wide extracerebral space and/or a thin corpus callosum. The images of 11 of the children were normal. Later follow-up showed changes in the brain magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of 2 of the children. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic candidate variants were identified in 15 of the 21 children (71%) within 12 genes: TH, SLC16 A2, RHOBTB2, FOXG1, IFIH1, WDR45, MT- ATP6, KIAA2022, GNB1, GNAO1, SLC2 A1 or NACC1. Fifteen of the children received a precise diagnosis. Genetic testing found heterozygous variants of ATP1 A2, SPR, ATP1 A3, MED13 L or NR4 A2 genes in the remaining six children, all of which were non-pathogenic variants. Conclusions:The absence of perinatal high-risk factors, a positive family history, and a normal or progressive brain MRI can be used as early clues to identify atypical DCP cases. TH, SLC16 A2, RHOBTB2, FOXG1, IFIH1, WDR45, MTATP6, KIAA2022, GNB1, GNAO1, SLC2 A1 and NACC1 variants belong to the spectrum of DCP-related pathogenic genes, and attention should be paid to the interpretation of genomic analysis results.

Objective To assess the effect of early nutritional intervention on the patients with respiratory diseases at nutritional risk. Methods A total of 130 patients with respiratory disease who were hospitalized in Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University between May 2023 and December 2024 and had a nutritional risk screening 2002 score ≥3 points. Based on the initiation time of nutritional intervention, patients were divided into an early group (≤5 days, n＝65) and a late group (＞5 days, n＝65). Results In the early group, prealbumin (P-ALB) and retinol-binding protein (RBP) levels were significantly higher (P＜0.01), C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT) levels were significantly lower after intervention (P＜0.05). Compared with the late group, the hospital costs were lower and hospital stays were shorter in the early group (P＜0.001). Spearman analysis showed ALB, P-ALB, and total protein (TP) were negatively correlated with hospital costs (r＝－0.37, －0.20, and－0.22, P＜0.05). RBP, ALB, P-ALB, and lymphocyte count (LYM) were negatively correlated with CRP (r＝－0.30, －0.26, －0.37, －0.18, P＜0.01), RBP, ALB, P-ALB, hemoglobin (HB), and TP were negatively correlated with PCT (r＝－0.23,－0.36, －0.40, －0.30, －0.19, P＜0.05). Conclusions For patients with respiratory diseases, early nutritional assessment should be underwent, and for patients with nutritional risk screening 2002 score ≥3 points, early nutritional intervention could improve the nutritional status and alleviate inflammatory response, promote recovery, shorten the hospital stays.

Objective:To determine the genetic causes of dystonic cerebral palsy (DCP) of unknown etiology by using whole exome and mitochondrial gene detection methods, and to analyze clues for early identification of DCP.Methods:This was a retrospective analysis of clinical data describing 21 children with unknown etiology and DCP-like phenotypes. It involved collecting a detailed medical history, biochemical testing, neuroimaging, electroencephalography and hematuria metabolic screening. Peripheral blood was collected from the children, their parents and their siblings. Genomic DNA was extracted, and whole exome and/or mitochondrial gene sequencing was performed to obtain variant sites and annotations. The candidate variants were verified by Sanger sequencing.Results:No clear perinatal risk factors were found in the 21 cases, though there was 1 case of family history. Laboratory tests found increased lactic acid in 3 and abnormal thyroid function in 2 cases. The neuroimaging showed lesions in the basal ganglia in 2 cases, delayed myelination in 6 cases, sometimes with cortical dysplasia, a wide extracerebral space and/or a thin corpus callosum. The images of 11 of the children were normal. Later follow-up showed changes in the brain magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of 2 of the children. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic candidate variants were identified in 15 of the 21 children (71%) within 12 genes: TH, SLC16 A2, RHOBTB2, FOXG1, IFIH1, WDR45, MT- ATP6, KIAA2022, GNB1, GNAO1, SLC2 A1 or NACC1. Fifteen of the children received a precise diagnosis. Genetic testing found heterozygous variants of ATP1 A2, SPR, ATP1 A3, MED13 L or NR4 A2 genes in the remaining six children, all of which were non-pathogenic variants. Conclusions:The absence of perinatal high-risk factors, a positive family history, and a normal or progressive brain MRI can be used as early clues to identify atypical DCP cases. TH, SLC16 A2, RHOBTB2, FOXG1, IFIH1, WDR45, MTATP6, KIAA2022, GNB1, GNAO1, SLC2 A1 and NACC1 variants belong to the spectrum of DCP-related pathogenic genes, and attention should be paid to the interpretation of genomic analysis results.

Diabetic kidney disease(DKD),as a major causative agent of end-stage renal disease(ESRD),has a complex pathogenesis in which mitochondrial dysfunction and lipid metabolism disorders play key roles.Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to excessive reactive oxygen species(ROS)production,inhibits fatty acid β-oxidation,and creates lipotoxicity,which is the key to podocyte damage in DKD.Meanwhile,lipid metabolism disorder exacerbates ectopic accumulation of fat,activates inflammation and oxidative stress,and affects insulin signalling,which further inhibits mitochondrial function and drives DKD progression.Therefore,an in-depth understanding of the association between mitochondrial dysfunction and podocyte lipid metabolism in DKD is important for DKD treatment.This review discusses the basic profiles of DKD,mitochondrial dysfunction,and podocyte lipid metabolism,and their interactions,as well as discussing the current status of the DKD treatment,with a view to providing references for the research and treatment of DKD.

Objective:To assess the prevalence of dentinal hypersensitivity (DH) and related factors in urban adults in China.Methods:The study was designed as an observational, cross-sectional epidemiological study carried out in adults aged 18-69 years old in seven cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan, Chengdu, Xi′an, Guangzhou, and Harbin) of China. The study was conducted from March 2021 to May 2023. Patients were required to complete a questionnaire regarding the subjects′ socio-economic factors, dietary behavior, oral health behavior and personal antecedent factors. DH was clinically diagnosed by judging whether the tooth cold air stimulation provoked DH or not, and recorded by investigator pain rating Schiff score. Compare the findings of six cities (Harbin excluded) with a similar study conducted in 2008.Results:In total, 11 622 subjects from seven cities in China participated the study. Fifty two point two percent (6 072/11 622) of subjects reported DH in questionnaire, 36.7% (4 266/11 622) of subjects reported experiencing DH in response to cold air stimulation for at least one study tooth. Risk factors including age, sex, city, toothbrush method and acid reflux showed marked associations with DH ( P<0.05). The prevalence of DH of urban residents in six cities (Harbin excluded) was 33.7% (3 335/9 882), higher than that in 2008 [29.7%(2 354/7 939)]. Conclusions:Overall, DH was common among urban adults in China and the prevalence increased in recent years. Better understanding of DH and its associated factors should be considered in its prevention and management by dental professionals.

AIM To investigate the clinical effects of Shenzhu Jianpi Zengshi Decoction on infantile anorexia.METHODS One hundred and seventy-six patients were randomly assigned into control group (88 cases) for 21-day administration of Compound Pepsin Granules,and observation group (88 cases) for 21-day administration of both Shenshu Jianpi Zengshi Decoction and Compound Pepsin Granules.The changes in clinical effects,TCM syndrome scores,infantile growth and nutritional status indices ( height,body weight,BMI,food intake,hemoglobin,CD4+,CD8+),appetite regulators ( leptin,vasoactive peptide,motilin,gastrin,human growth hormone releasing peptide),incidence of adverse reactions and recurrence rate were detected.RESULTS The observation group demonstrated higher total effective rate than the control group ( P<0.05 ),along with lower recurrence rate ( P<0.05).After the treatment,the two groups displayed decreased TCM syndrome scores,CD8+( P<0.05),and increased height,body weight,BMI,food intake,hemoglobin,CD4+,appetite regulators ( P<0.05),especially for the observation group ( P<0.05).No significant difference in incidence of adverse reactions was found between the two groups (P>0.05).CONCLUSION For the patients with infantile anorexia,Shenzhu Jianpi Zengshi Decoction can safely and effectively alleviate clinical symptoms,improve appetite and nutritional status,and reduce recurrence rate.

Objective:To learn about the operation of fluoride reduction and water improvement projects, the current situation of water fluoride level and the changing trend of fluorosis in drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis areas in Shaanxi Province, and to evaluate the effect of prevention and control measures.Methods:From March 2014 to December 2021, 15 endemic villages in drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis areas of Dali, Dingbian, Jingbian, Jingyang and Liquan counties in Shaanxi Province were selected as monitoring villages to investigate the operation of water improvement projects. Water samples were collected, and the water fluoride level was detected according to the "Standard Examination Methods for Drinking Water - Nonmetal Parameters" (GB/T 5750.5-2006). "Diagnosis of Dental Fluorosis" (WS/T 208-2011) was done to detect dental fluorosis in all children aged 8 - 12 who were born and lived in the monitoring village. Using "Diagnostic Standard for Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis" (WS/T 192-2008) and "Determination of Fluoride in Urine - Ion Selective Electrode Method" (WS/T 89-2015), X-ray examination and urine fluoride level test were performed on adults over 25 years old who had lived in the monitoring village for more than 5 years, respectively.Results:From 2014 to 2021, a total of 122 water improvement projects were investigated, all of which were in normal operation. The qualified rate of water fluoride increased from 81.25% (13/16) in 2014 to 100.00% (11/11) in 2021. A total of 5 595 children aged 8 - 12 were examined, 1 790 children with dental fluorosis were detected, with a detection rate of 31.99%. The detection rate of dental fluorosis in children decreased from 52.05% (304/584) in 2014 to 9.68% (93/961) in 2021, showing an overall downward trend (χ 2trend = 533.76, P < 0.001). In 2014, 791 adults were examined, and 256 patients with skeletal fluorosis were detected, the detection rate was 32.36%. In 2019, 770 adults were examined, and 88 patients with skeletal fluorosis were detected, with a detection rate of 11.43%. The detection rate of skeletal fluorosis in adults in 2019 was lower than that in 2014, and the difference was statistically significant (χ 2 = 99.54, P < 0.001). In 2014, 754 adult urine samples were collected, and the geometric mean of urine fluoride was 2.571 mg/L. In 2019, 770 adult urine samples were collected, and the geometric mean of urine fluoride was 1.292 mg/L. The geometric mean of urine fluoride in adults in 2019 was lower than that in 2014, and the difference was statistically significant ( Z = - 12.74, P < 0.001). Conclusions:From 2014 to 2021, the water improvement projects in drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis areas in Shaanxi Province are running normally, and the qualified rate of water fluoride has increased. The incidence of dental fluorosis in children and skeletal fluorosis in adults has decreased. In the later stage, it is necessary to continuously strengthen the monitoring and management of water improvement projects to prevent the rebound of water fluoride from causing residents' illness.

Patients with severe trauma require an extremely timely treatment and transfusion plays an irreplaceable role in the emergency treatment of such patients. An increasing number of evidence-based medicinal evidences and clinical practices suggest that patients with severe traumatic bleeding benefit from early transfusion of low-titer group O whole blood or hemostatic resuscitation with red blood cells, plasma and platelet of a balanced ratio. However, the current domestic mode of blood supply cannot fully meet the requirements of timely and effective blood transfusion for emergency treatment of patients with severe trauma in clinical practice. In order to solve the key problems in blood supply and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma, Branch of Clinical Transfusion Medicine of Chinese Medical Association, Group for Trauma Emergency Care and Multiple Injuries of Trauma Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Young Scholar Group of Disaster Medicine Branch of Chinese Medical Association organized domestic experts of blood transfusion medicine and trauma treatment to jointly formulate Chinese expert consensus on blood support mode and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma patients ( version 2024). Based on the evidence-based medical evidence and Delphi method of expert consultation and voting, 10 recommendations were put forward from two aspects of blood support mode and transfusion strategies, aiming to provide a reference for transfusion resuscitation in the emergency treatment of severe trauma and further improve the success rate of treatment of patients with severe trauma.