The ability of cells to sense and adapt to metabolic changes and environmental variations is essential for their functions. Recent advances in synthetic biology have uncovered increasing mechanisms through which cells detect changes in metabolism and environmental conditions, leading to broader applications. However, a systematic review on the regulation of cellular metabolism and environmental adaption is currently lacking. This article presents a comprehensive overview of this field from three perspectives. First, it introduces key transmembrane and sensor proteins involved in the cellular perception of metabolic and environmental changes. Next, it summarizes the adaptive regulation mechanisms that natural cells employ when confronted with intracellular and extracellular metabolic changes. Finally, the review explores the application scenarios based on cellular adaptive regulation in three aspects: dynamic control, rational metabolic engineering, and adaptive evolution and makes an outlook on the future development directions in this field. This review not only provides a comprehensive perspective on the mechanisms by which cells sense metabolic and environmental variations, but also lays a theoretical foundation for further innovations in the field of synthetic biology. With the continuous advancement of future technologies, a deeper understanding of cellular adaptive regulation mechanisms holds great potential to drive the development and application of novel biomanufacturing platforms.
Adaptation, Physiological ; Synthetic Biology ; Metabolic Engineering/methods* ; Environment ; Bacteria/genetics*

Objective To investigate the effects of preoperative anxiety on the intraoperative body temperature,recessive blood loss,and wound healing in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy under general anesthesia.Methods A total of 118 elderly patients who underwent laparoscopic hysterectomy in Yancheng Third People's Hospital from January 2021 to December 2023 were selected as the research subjects,and they were divided into the normal group(69 cases with normal emotions)and the anxiety group(49 cases with anxiety emotions)according to the self-rating anxiety scale(SAS)score 1 day before operation.The core temperature at different time points and the incidence of intraoperative hypothermia were compared between the two groups.The intraoperative bleeding volume,incision drainage bleeding volume,recessive blood loss,incidence of adverse reactions,and wound healing were compared between the two groups.Results The core temperature 60 minutes after operation and at the end of operation in the anxiety group were significantly lower than those in the normal group(P<0.05).The incidence of intraoperative hypothermia in the anxiety group was significantly higher than that in the normal group(P<0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the intraoperative bleeding volume or incision drainage bleeding volume between the two groups(P>0.05),while the recessive blood loss in the anxiety group was significantly higher than that in the normal group(P<0.05).The incidence of shivering in the anxiety group was significantly higher than that in the normal group(P<0.05);the incidence of poor wound healing in the anxiety group was significantly higher than that in the normal group(P<0.05).Conclusion For elderly patients who undergo laparoscopic hysterectomy for more than 60 minutes,the body temperature will significantly decrease,the incidence of intraoperative hypothermia and shivering is high,the recessive blood loss will significantly increase,which is prone to poor wound healing and is not conducive to the rapid recovery of patients after operation,if combined with anxiety before surgery.

Objective To investigate the effects of preoperative anxiety on the intraoperative body temperature,recessive blood loss,and wound healing in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy under general anesthesia.Methods A total of 118 elderly patients who underwent laparoscopic hysterectomy in Yancheng Third People's Hospital from January 2021 to December 2023 were selected as the research subjects,and they were divided into the normal group(69 cases with normal emotions)and the anxiety group(49 cases with anxiety emotions)according to the self-rating anxiety scale(SAS)score 1 day before operation.The core temperature at different time points and the incidence of intraoperative hypothermia were compared between the two groups.The intraoperative bleeding volume,incision drainage bleeding volume,recessive blood loss,incidence of adverse reactions,and wound healing were compared between the two groups.Results The core temperature 60 minutes after operation and at the end of operation in the anxiety group were significantly lower than those in the normal group(P<0.05).The incidence of intraoperative hypothermia in the anxiety group was significantly higher than that in the normal group(P<0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the intraoperative bleeding volume or incision drainage bleeding volume between the two groups(P>0.05),while the recessive blood loss in the anxiety group was significantly higher than that in the normal group(P<0.05).The incidence of shivering in the anxiety group was significantly higher than that in the normal group(P<0.05);the incidence of poor wound healing in the anxiety group was significantly higher than that in the normal group(P<0.05).Conclusion For elderly patients who undergo laparoscopic hysterectomy for more than 60 minutes,the body temperature will significantly decrease,the incidence of intraoperative hypothermia and shivering is high,the recessive blood loss will significantly increase,which is prone to poor wound healing and is not conducive to the rapid recovery of patients after operation,if combined with anxiety before surgery.

The outer membrane composed predominantly of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an essential biological barrier for most Gram-negative (G^-) bacteria. Lipopolysaccharide transport protein (Lpt) complex LptDE is responsible for the critical final stage of LPS transport and outer membrane assembly. The structure and function of LptDE are highly conserved in most G^- bacteria but absent in mammalian cells, and thus LptDE complex is regarded as an attractive antibacterial target. In recent 10 years, the deciphering of the three-dimensional structure of LptDE protein facilities the drug discovery based on such "non-enzyme" proteins. Murepavadin, a peptidomimetic compound, was reported to be the first compound able to target LptD, enlightening a new class of antibacterial molecules with novel mechanisms of action. This article is devoted to summarize the molecular characteristics, structure-function of LptDE protein complex and review the development of murepavadin and related peptidomimetic compounds, in order to provide references for relevant researches.

Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease(CHD)is an ischemic cardiovascular condition caused by the narrowing or blockage of the vascular lumen due to coronary atherosclerosis.Clinically,it presents as angina pectoris,heart failure,or sud-den cardiac death,and stands as one of the primary causes of mortality among both urban and rural populations in China.Cir-cRNA,classified as non-coding RNAs,can function as upstream regulatory molecules for miRNA or RNA-binding proteins.They actively participate in various pathological processes associated with CHD,including endothelial cell dysfunction,smooth mus-cle cell migration,macrophage-derived foam cell formation,an-giogenesis,myocardial injury,and repair,as well as post-in-farction heart failure.The expression pattern of these molecules is highly specific to the illness and tissue,indicating their poten-tial as therapeutic targets for disease management and as biomar-kers.Furthermore,they also open up new avenues for drug tar-get development in the field of traditional Chinese medicine.This article aims to provide an overview of the recent research progress on circRNA in the regulation of coronary heart disease,as well as the mechanisms involved in traditional Chinese medi-cine.It serves as a valuable reference for future research on cor-onary heart disease.

In recent years, the development of host-acting antibacterial compounds has gradually become a hotspot in the field of anti-infection. Through research on the interaction mechanism between hosts and pathogenic bacteria, it has been found that the immune system is one of the key targets of host-acting antibacterial compounds. There is a communication system called the quorum sensing system in microorganisms, which mainly adjusts the structure of multi-microbial community and coordinates the group behavior. When the quorum sensing molecules secreted by microorganisms reach a threshold concentration, the quorum sensing system is activated and the overall gene expression of the microorganism is changed. In addition to regulating the density of microorganisms, quorum sensing molecules can also act as a link between pathogenic microorganisms and hosts, entering the host immune system and playing a role in affecting the morphological structure of immune cells, secreting cytokines, and inducing apoptosis, leading to host immune injury and causing host immune dysfunction.The key mechanism of 3-oxo-C12-HSL and other acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) molecules in the innate immune system has been extensively studied. The lipid solubility allows AHLs to pass through the plasma membrane of host immune cells easily and induce dissolution of lipid domains. Then, it acts through signaling pathways such as p38MAPK and JAK-STAT, further influencing the immune cell’s defense response to bacteria and potentially leading to cell apoptosis. Additionally, the human lactonase paraoxonase 2, which can degrade3-oxo-C12-HSL, has been found in macrophage. It acts as an immune regulator that promotes macrophage phagocytosis of pathogens and is hypothesized to have the ability to reduce bacterial resistance. The mechanism of quorum sensing molecules in the adaptive immune system is less studied, the current results suggest that 3-oxo-C12-HSL is closely related to the mitochondrial pathway in host immune cells. For example, 3-oxo-C12-HSL induces apoptosis of Jurkat cells by inhibiting the expression of three mitochondrial electron transport chain proteins; it can also trigger mitochondrial dysfunction and induce mast cell apoptosis through Ca²⁺ signaling.Among the quorum sensing molecules, the AHLs have the greatest impact on plant immune system. The different effects on plant resistance depends on the chain lengths of acyl groups in bacterial-produced AHLs. Short-chain AHLs (C4-HSL and C8-HSL) induce plant resistance to pathogenic bacteria mainly through the auxin pathway and jasmonic acid pathway. Long-chain AHL (3-oxo-C14-HSL) is commonly used in hosts against fungal pathogens by inducing stomata defense responses, and the reaction process is related to salicylic acid. Diffusible signal factor molecules also interfere with the stomatal immunity caused by pathogens. It may act through the formin nanoclustering-mediated actin assembly and MPK3 pathway to inhibit the innate immunity of Arabidopsis. In summary, AHLs induced different plant pathways and affects the plant-bacteria interactions to trigger plant immunity. As a quorum sensing molecule of fungi, farnesol has similar effects on host immunity as AHLs, such as stimulating cytokine secretion and activating an inflammatory response. It also plays a unique role on dendritic cell differentiation and maturation. In addition, studies have found that farnesol has a protective effect on autoimmune encephalomyelitis, which may be related to its effect on the composition of intestinal microorganisms of the host.Therefore, targeting the host immune system and quorum sensing molecules to develop antibacterial compounds can effectively inhibit the invasion of pathogens and subserve the host to resist the influence of pathogenic bacteria. This article will review the mechanism of host immune responses triggered by important quorum sensing molecules, aiming to explore the targets of host-acting antibacterial compounds and provide new directions for the prevention or treatment of causative infectious sources and the development of related drugs.

BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine can induce a potent cellular and humoral immune response to protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, it was unknown whether SARS-CoV-2 vaccination can induce effective natural killer (NK) cell response in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) and healthy individuals. METHODS: Forty-seven PLWH and thirty healthy controls (HCs) inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine were enrolled from Beijing Youan Hospital in this study. The effect of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine on NK cell frequency, phenotype, and function in PLWH and HCs was evaluated by flow cytometry, and the response of NK cells to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Spike (SARS-2-OS) protein stimulation was also evaluated. RESULTS: SARS-CoV-2 vaccine inoculation elicited activation and degranulation of NK cells in PLWH, which peaked at 2 weeks and then decreased to a minimum at 12 weeks after the third dose of vaccine. However, in vitro stimulation of the corresponding peripheral blood monocular cells from PLWH with SARS-2-OS protein did not upregulate the expression of the aforementioned markers. Additionally, the frequencies of NK cells expressing the activation markers CD25 and CD69 in PLWH were significantly lower than those in HCs at 0, 4 and 12 weeks, but the percentage of CD16 + NK cells in PLWH was significantly higher than that in HCs at 2, 4 and 12 weeks after the third dose of vaccine. Interestingly, the frequency of CD16 + NK cells was significantly negatively correlated with the proportion of CD107a + NK cells in PLWH at each time point after the third dose. Similarly, this phenomenon was also observed in HCs at 0, 2, and 4 weeks after the third dose. Finally, regardless of whether NK cells were stimulated with SARS-2-OS or not, we did not observe any differences in the expression of NK cell degranulation markers between PLWH and HCs. CONCLUSION s:SARS-CoV-2 vaccine elicited activation and degranulation of NK cells, indicating that the inoculation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine enhances NK cell immune response.
Humans ; COVID-19 Vaccines/therapeutic use* ; COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Killer Cells, Natural ; HIV Infections ; Antibodies, Viral

Brachial plexus avulsion (BPA) is a combined injury involving the central and peripheral nervous systems. Patients with BPA often experience severe neuropathic pain (NP) in the affected limb. NP is insensitive to the existing treatments, which makes it a challenge to researchers and clinicians. Accumulated evidence shows that a BPA-induced pain state is often accompanied by sympathetic nervous dysfunction, which suggests that the excitation state of the sympathetic nervous system is correlated with the existence of NP. However, the mechanism of how somatosensory neural crosstalk with the sympathetic nerve at the peripheral level remains unclear. In this study, through using a novel BPA C7 root avulsion mouse model, we found that the expression of BDNF and its receptor TrκB in the DRGs of the BPA mice increased, and the markers of sympathetic nervous system activity including α1 and α2 adrenergic receptors (α1-AR and α2-AR) also increased after BPA. The phenomenon of superexcitation of the sympathetic nervous system, including hypothermia and edema of the affected extremity, was also observed in BPA mice by using CatWalk gait analysis, an infrared thermometer, and an edema evaluation. Genetic knockdown of BDNF in DRGs not only reversed the mechanical allodynia but also alleviated the hypothermia and edema of the affected extremity in BPA mice. Further, intraperitoneal injection of adrenergic receptor inhibitors decreased neuronal excitability in patch clamp recording and reversed the mechanical allodynia of BPA mice. In another branch experiment, we also found the elevated expression of BDNF, TrκB, TH, α1-AR, and α2-AR in DRG tissues from BPA patients compared with normal human DRGs through western blot and immunohistochemistry. Our results revealed that peripheral BDNF is a key molecule in the regulation of somatosensory-sympathetic coupling in BPA-induced NP. This study also opens a novel analgesic target (BDNF) in the treatment of this pain with fewer complications, which has great potential for clinical transformation.
Humans ; Mice ; Animals ; Hyperalgesia/metabolism* ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism* ; Hypothermia/metabolism* ; Neuralgia ; Brachial Plexus/injuries* ; Edema/metabolism*

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics and maternal and fetal prognosis of pregnant women with acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP). Methods: The clinical data of 86 AFLP pregnant women admitted to the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from September 2017 to August 2022 were collected, and their general data, clinical characteristics, laboratory tests and maternal and fetal outcomes were retrospectively analyzed. Results: (1) General information: the age of the 86 pregnant women with AFLP was (30.8±5.4) years, and the body mass index was (21.0±2.5) kg/m². There were 50 primiparas (58.1%, 50/86) and 36 multiparas (41.9%, 36/86). There were 64 singleton pregnancies (74.4%, 64/86) and 22 twin pregnancies (25.6%, 22/86). (2) Clinical characteristics: the main complaints of AFLP pregnant women were gastrointestinal symptoms, including epigastric pain (68.6%, 59/86), nausea (47.7%, 41/86), anorexia (46.5%, 40/86), vomiting (39.5%, 34/86). The main non-gastrointestinal symptoms were jaundice of skin and/or scleral (54.7%, 47/86), edema (38.4%, 33/86), fatigue (19.8%, 17/86), bleeding tendency (16.3%, 14/86), polydipsia or polyuria (14.0%, 12/86), skin itching (8.1%, 7/86), and 17.4% (15/86) AFLP pregnant women had no obvious symptoms. (3) Laboratory tests: the incidence of liver and kidney dysfunction and abnormal coagulation function in AFLP pregnant women was high, and the levels of blood ammonia, lactate dehydrogenase and lactic acid were increased, and the levels of hemoglobin, platelet and albumin decreased. However, only 24 cases (27.9%, 24/86) of AFLP pregnant women showed fatty liver by imageology examination. (4) Pregnancy outcomes: ① AFLP pregnant women had a high incidence of pregnancy complications, mainly including renal insufficiency (95.3%, 82/86), preterm birth (46.5%, 40/86), hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (30.2%, 26/86), gestational diabetes mellitus (36.0%, 31/86), fetal distress (24.4%, 21/86), pulmonary infection (23.3%, 20/86), disseminated intravascular coagulation (16.3%, 14/86), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (16.3%, 14/86), hepatic encephalopathy (9.3%, 8/86), and intrauterine fetal death (2.3%, 2/86). ② Treatment and outcome of AFLP pregnant women: the intensive care unit transfer rate of AFLP pregnant women was 66.3% (57/86). 82 cases were improved and discharged after treatment, 2 cases were transferred to other hospitals for follow-up treatment, and 2 cases (2.3%, 2/86) died. ③ Neonatal outcomes: except for 2 cases of intrauterine death, a total of 106 neonates were delivered, including 39 cases (36.8%, 39/106) of neonatal asphyxia, 63 cases (59.4%, 63/106) of neonatal intensive care unit admission, and 3 cases (2.8%, 3/106) of neonatal death. Conclusions: AFLP is a severe obstetric complication, which is harmful to mother and fetus. In the process of clinical diagnosis and treatment, attention should be paid to the clinical manifestations and laboratory tests of pregnant women, early diagnosis and active treatment, so as to improve maternal and fetal outcomes.
Pregnancy ; Infant, Newborn ; Female ; Humans ; Adult ; Retrospective Studies ; Premature Birth/epidemiology* ; Pregnancy Complications/diagnosis* ; Fatty Liver/diagnosis* ; Fetal Death ; Stillbirth

Objective To explore the predictive value of contrast-enhanced echocardiography com-bined with serum levels of CD137 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 6(IGFBP-6)for cardiovascular adverse events(MACE)in elderly patients with stable coronary heart disease(CHD)after percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI).Methods A total of 108 elderly patients with stable CHD(CHD group)who visited Department of Cardiology of Changsha First Hospital from March 2020 to March 2022 were recruited in this study.They were grouped into a non-MACE group(81 cases)and a MACE group(27 cases)according to whether MACE occurred after PCI.Another 100 healthy individuals who taking physical examination during the same period served as control group.Their serum CD137 and IGFBP-6 levels were detected,and the contrast agent filling speed(β value)and maximum number of microbubbles(A value)were calculated based on the results of contrast-enhanced echocardiography.Their general clinical data were col-lected.ROC curve analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the data.Results The serum levels of CD137 and IGFBP-6 were significantly higher,while the β value and A value were obviously lower in the CHD group than the control group(P＜0.01).And the serum levels were notably higher,and the β value and A value were remarkably lower in the MACE group than the non-MACE group(P＜0.01).The AUC of cardiac ultrasound parameters βvalue and A value combined with serum CD137 and IGFBP-6 to predict MACE after PCI in CHD patients was 0.930,which was significantly higher than the AUC value of every single indicator(P＜0.01).β value,A value,CD137 and IGFBP-6 levels were all risk factors for the occurrence of MACE in CHD patients after PCI(P＜0.01).Conclusion Contrast-enhanced echocardiography,serum CD137 and IGFBP-6 levels have certain predictive value for MACE in elderly CHD patients after PCI,and combined detection has higher predictive value.