Introduction: Insulin therapy is essential in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but is often associated with treatment burden, hypoglycemia, and potential overtreatment. Insulin deintensification is increasingly recommended for appropriately selected patients; however, there is limited real-world evidence to guide patient selection and to identify modifiable factors that influence successful insulin deintensification. This study aimed to identify clinical predictors, including modifiable factors, associated with successful insulin deintensification in a primary care setting. Methodology: A multicentre retrospective observational study was conducted across seven government primary care clinics in the Petaling District. Adult patients with T2DM undergoing insulin deintensification were included. Successful insulin deintensification was defined as maintenance or improvement of hemoglobin A1c following insulin discontinuation, dose reduction, or reduction in injection frequency. Paired outcomes were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Between-group comparisons were performed using the Mann–Whitney U test and Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of successful insulin deintensification. Results: A total of 261 patients were included. Glycemic control remained stable following insulin deintensification (p = 0.334). Significant reductions in body weight (−0.41 kg, p = 0.012) and total daily insulin dose (23.1% reduction, p <0.001) were observed. Univariate analysis did not demonstrate significant differences between groups. However, multivariable logistic regression identified SGLT-2 inhibitor use (aOR 3.23, 95% CI 1.28–8.18, p = 0.013) and regular SMBG (aOR 2.00, 95% CI 1.05–3.81, p = 0.035) as independent predictors of successful insulin deintensification. Conclusion Insulin deintensification can be successfully implemented without compromising glycemic control. Identified predictors, including modifiable factors such as SGLT-2 inhibitor use and SMBG, provide clinically actionable insights to guide patient selection and treatment optimization. These findings challenge the traditional reluctance toward insulin deintensification and support a more evidence-based and individualized approach in routine clinical practice.
Primary Health Care ; Insulins

Introduction: Insulin deintensification is an emerging strategy to reduce hypoglycemia and treatment burden in patients on multiple daily injection (MDI ≥3), with potential to improve adherence and glycemic control. However, evidence in poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains limited. This study evaluated its effectiveness and identified factors associated with achieving adequate glycemic control following deintensification among patients with poorly controlled T2DM attending Malaysian primary care. Methodology: A retrospective cohort study was conducted among 107 T2DM patients with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) >9%, attending Enhanced Diabetic Clinic at Cheras Health Clinic between 2021 and 2025. All patients on basal-bolus insulin (BBI) underwent deintensification. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with achieving adequate glycemic control (HbA1c <7.5%). Changes in HbA1c following deintensification were assessed using paired t-tests. Results: Overall, 50.5% of patients achieved adequate glycemic control. Hypoglycemia events (AOR 9.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6–58.3; p = 0.015), MDI (AOR 9.6, 95% CI 1.4–67.1; p = 0.023) and Diabetes Medication Therapy Adherence Clinic (DMTAC) visits (AOR 1.1, 95% CI 1.0– 1.2; p = 0.039) were significantly associated with achieving HbA1c <7.5%. Conversely, patients transitioned from BBI to premixed regimens were less likely to achieve HbA1c <7.5% (AOR 0.22, 95% CI 0.05–0.93, p = 0.039). All insulin deintensification strategies were associated with significant HbA1c improvements with transitioned from BBI to premixed human insulin (mean difference -2.54%, 95% CI 1.77–3.31, p <0.001, Cohen’s d = 1.09), BBI to premixed analogue insulin (mean difference -3.38%, 95% CI 2.26– 4.49, p <0.001, Cohen’s d = 1.62), BBI to basal insulin (mean difference -3.67%, 95% CI 1.79–5.54, p = 0.004, Cohen’s d = 2.05). Conclusion Insulin deintensification is an effective strategy for improving glycemic control in poorly controlled T2DM. These findings highlight the importance of deintensification with careful consideration of hypoglycemia, MDI-related treatment burden, and patient engagement through regular DMTAC visits, which are integral to achieving optimal outcomes and support a personalized approach to diabetes management in primary care.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Glycemic Control ; Retrospective Studies ; Primary Health Care ; Insulins

OBJECTIVES

Clinical pathways (CPs) ensure adherence to heart failure (HF) management guidelines. To optimize quality care in a low resource setting, an evidence-based care pathway for the management of acute HF was implemented at the emergency department (ED) of the Philippine General Hospital (PGH), the designated national tertiary hospital and referral center. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of adults with acute HF admitted at the ED and evaluate the quality of care they received, measured using physician adherence to the hospital’s acute heart failure CP.

METHODS

This was a retrospective, descriptive cohort study. We reviewed the inpatient charts of all adult patients with acute HF admitted to the ED of the PGH and referred to the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine between December 1, 2022 and May 31, 2023. Quality of care was assessed based on adherence to quality indicators adapted from routine and conditional order sets detailed in the pathway. Descriptive statistics was utilized to describe patient characteristics, quality of care, and outcomes.

RESULTS

Two hundred thirty-six (236) patients were included, with a mean age of 51.8 years. Majority were male (53.4%); hypertension (61.4%) and ischemic heart disease (53.8%) were the most common comorbidities, and infection the most common precipitant of decompensation (60.6%). There were optimal adherence rates to routine orders, which included referrals to Internal Medicine and Cardiology, baseline vital signs monitoring, fluid intake and output monitoring, chest radiograph, complete blood count, blood urea nitrogen, sodium, potassium, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, arterial blood gas, urinalysis, and N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide. Conditional orders, such as oxygen support, focused echocardiography, thyroid - stimulating hormone, and the use of vasopressors, diuretics, and venous thromboembolism prophylactic agents, were optimally performed when warranted. However, we noted suboptimal adherence to certain resource-intensive conditional orders, such as hourly monitoring of urine output (61.4%), hooking to cardiac monitor (53.8%), and performance of 12-lead ECG within 10 minutes (56.8%). Further, only 43.9% of patients were referred to the intensive care unit. Troponin I, calcium, magnesium, and albumin were ordered in excess.

CONCLUSION

Overall adherence rate of physicians to the hospital’s Acute Heart Failure Pathway was satisfactory. Work is needed to improve adherence to hourly urine output monitoring, consistent hooking to cardiac monitor, and timely performance of 12-lead ECG – an effort that begins with expanding in-hospital diagnostic equipment and human resource supply. We recommend continuous pathway implementation with periodic evaluation and stakeholder feedback to further improve quality of care.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged: 45-64 Yrs Old ; Adult ; Albumins ; Blood ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Calcium ; Cardiology ; Chart ; Charts ; Cohort Studies ; Critical Care ; Critical Pathways ; Diagnostic Equipment ; Disease ; Diuretics ; Echocardiography ; Electrocardiography ; Emergencies ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Equipment And Supplies ; Evaluation Studies As Topic ; Feedback ; Heart ; Heart Diseases ; Heart Failure ; Hormones ; Hospitals ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Indicators And Reagents ; Infection ; Infections ; Inpatients ; Intensive Care Units ; Internal Medicine ; Lead ; Magnesium ; Male ; Medicine ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain ; Natriuretic Peptides ; Nitrogen ; Overall ; Oxygen ; Partial Thromboplastin Time ; Patients ; Peptides ; Philippines ; Physicians ; Potassium ; Prothrombin ; Prothrombin Time ; Quality Of Health Care ; Referral And Consultation ; Sodium ; Statistics ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Thorax ; Thromboembolism ; Thromboplastin ; Thyroid Gland ; Time ; Troponin ; Troponin I ; Universities ; Urea ; Urinalysis ; Urine ; Venous Thromboembolism ; Vital Signs ; Work ; Workforce

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

The Philippine Package of Essential Noncommunicable Disease Interventions (PhilPEN) was introduced by the Department of Health through AO 2012-0029. This is anchored to WHO PEN, a prioritized set of cost-effective interventions that can be carried out to provide an acceptable standard of care at the primary health care level, even in low-resource settings. The study aims to evaluate the availability and adequacy of primary health care facilities in providing the PhilPEN package of interventions using the WHO assessment tool.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 25 randomly selected primary health care facilities in Metro Manila. Data were collected through structured interviews with facility staff and direct observation using a standardized questionnaire aligned with PhilPEN and WHO PEN guidelines. The tool assessed PhilPEN inputs (infrastructure, human resources, basic tools and equipment, essential medicines, record-keeping, financing) and services (risk assessment and screening, early diagnosis and monitoring, treatment and follow-up, counseling, referral of patients).

RESULTS

All facilities met the basic standards for infrastructure, human resources, record keeping, and financing. However, only 40% had all essential medicines, and just 16% had complete tools, including urine ketone/protein test strips. Risk assessment and patient counseling were consistently implemented, but early diagnosis and follow-up services were inconsistent due to training and supply gaps.

CONCLUSION

Primary health care centers in Metro Manila demonstrate partial readiness for PhilPEN implementation. Gaps in tools, medicines, and protocol availability should be addressed to optimize NCD service delivery.

Human ; Primary Health Care ; Noncommunicable Diseases ; Delivery Of Health Care ; Standard Of Care ; Cardiovascular Diseases

BACKGROUND : Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of preventable blindness. However, Indonesia lacks a comprehensive screening program. Artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted screening in primary health care (PHC) is a promising solution. Patient satisfaction is crucial for ensuring the participation and sustainability of such programs. This study aimed to adapt Indonesian version of evaluate client satisfaction questionnaire-18 (CSQ-18) and evaluate its acceptability. METHODS : This study was conducted from August 5–29, 2024 at 2 public PHCs in Jakarta. Patients with diabetes underwent DR screening, which included fundus photography and an AI-based grading system (RADR). Referable cases were graded secondarily by ophthalmologists. Satisfaction was assessed from November 10–20, 2024 using the Indonesian-translated CSQ-18, adapted through forward-backward translation, expert review, and pilot testing. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, validity was evaluated using Pearson’s correlation, and satisfaction scores were summarized as descriptive statistics. RESULTS : Of 300 selected participants, 216 completed telephone or in-person interviews. The Indonesian CSQ-18 demonstrated a strong internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.886). All items showed acceptable item-total correlations. The mean (SD) satisfaction score was 60.19 (5.50) of 72, with a median of 59, indicating high patient satisfaction. Most participants expressed positive perceptions of screening duration, accessibility, and provider competence, although awareness-related items scored slightly lower. Potential interviewer bias and nonresponse may have affected the findings. CONCLUSIONS The Indonesian CSQ-18 is a reliable tool for assessing patient satisfaction with DR screening. These findings confirm the feasibility and acceptability of AI-assisted DR screening at the PHC level, supporting its potential for broader implementation in Indonesia.
artificial intelligence ; diabetic retinopathy ; patient satisfaction ; primary health care ; surveys and questionnaires

Public health nurses (PHNs) in the Philippines play a vital role in advancing Universal Health Care and Primary Health Care by serving as frontline leaders in community engagement, health promotion, and policy implementation. Despite their contributions, they face persistent challenges, including workforce shortages, wage disparities, hospital-centric education, and fragmented governance. Drawing from a reflexive narrative of community-based practice and organizational experience, this article situated the evolving role of PHNs within broader health systems transformation. The National Association of Public Health Nurses, Inc. (NAPHNI) established a unified platform for advocacy, leadership development, and recognition of advanced practice roles. Policy reforms such as a National Nursing Workforce Plan, passage of the Comprehensive Nursing Bill, and competitive compensation were imperative to empower PHNs. Strengthening public health nursing was discovered to be crucial in achieving health equity and a resilient healthcare system in the Philippines.

Human ; Public Health Nursing ; Universal Health Care ; Primary Health Care ; Health Equity

BACKGROUND

Public health nurses (PHNs) are a significant cadre of the primary healthcare workforce working toward achieving universal health care (UHC). Exploring their work activities is integral to understanding how UHC is implemented better.

OBJECTIVES

To describe and explore the work activities, roles, and functions of the PHNs in rendering primary care services in the context of UHC.

METHODS

Key informant interviews were conducted with 12 PHNs in Tarlac Province who were working with permanent status in their respective rural health units (RHUs) for at least 1 year. They were selected through selection criteria. Data were recorded, transcribed, and subjected to thematic analysis.

RESULTS

Data analysis led to the emergence of 4 themes and 11 subthemes. The four themes were: (a) evolving scope and nature of work, (b) work challenges and barriers toward UHC implementation, (c) UHC outcomes, impact, and insights, and (d) communication and health promotion.

CONCLUSIONS

The study underscores the importance of exploring the PHNs’ roles and functions, as it offers a window on how they fulfill their duties toward achieving the goals of UHC. From the viewpoint of the interviewed PHNs, several elements and issues need to be addressed. Consequently, some positive impact on their work activities and functions emerged. Their nature of work brought them professional development and fulfillment as they render primary care and value-driven services despite the challenges and struggles they encountered in public health.

Human ; Primary Health Care ; Nurses, Public Health ; Universal Health Care

Human ; Delivery Of Health Care ; Primary Health Care

Human ; Primary Health Care ; Outpatients

Human ; Delivery Of Health Care ; Primary Health Care