BACKGROUND: To explore the associations of green tea, coffee, black tea, and oolong tea consumption with mortality from chronic kidney disease (CKD) as the underlying cause among Japanese adults. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 110,585 men and women aged 40-79 years at recruitment from 1986 to 1990. Baseline information on the consumption of tea and coffee, lifestyles, and medical histories was obtained via self-administered questionnaires. We used multivariable Cox regression models to estimate sex-specific hazard ratios and 95% CIs of mortality from CKD associated with the consumption of green tea, coffee, black tea, or oolong tea. RESULTS: After a median 19-year follow-up, the hazard ratios of mortality from CKD in women were 0.49 (95% CI, 0.22-1.06) for 1-2 cups of green tea per day, 0.56 (0.31-0.99) for 3-4 cups per day, and 0.55 (0.32-0.93) for ≥5 cups per day, compared with <1 cup per day. No such association was found in men. Coffee, black tea, and oolong tea consumption were not associated with CKD risk in either sex. CONCLUSIONS Daily consumption of green tea was associated with a lower risk of mortality from CKD in women.
Humans ; Tea ; Coffee ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Female ; Japan/epidemiology* ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/epidemiology* ; Aged ; Adult ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Proportional Hazards Models ; East Asian People

Introduction: Caffeine use disorder (CUD), a problematic caffeine use pattern, is yet to be recognized under DSM-5 and is under consideration for further research. This study aimed to determine if the sex, employment status, and smoking status of Quezon City residents aged 18 years old and above are associated with CUD, and to determine the mean daily caffeine consumption (MDCC) of caffeinated products and the proportion of individuals meeting the CUD criteria. Methods: A total of 334 respondents accomplished the online survey that collected socio-demographic information and evaluated CUD using an 8-point Caffeine Consumption Questionnaire (CCQ). Results: The study population was mostly composed of females, unemployed, and non-smokers. Results showed that 17% of respondents have CUD, that brewed coffee was most consumed daily, the MDCC of the study population was 158.31 mg; and females were at an increased risk for CUD, while nonsmokers and unemployed individuals were at reduced risk. Conclusion The proportion of Quezon city residents that have CUD is at 17%, consuming an average of 158.31 mg of coffee daily, with brewed coffee being consumed most. Female residents are at an increased risk of having CUD, while nonsmokers and unemployed individuals are at a decreased risk.
Caffeine ; Coffee ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Objective: To describe fertility and explore factors associated with it among pre-conception couples of childbearing age. Methods: Based on the pre-conceptional offspring trajectory study of the School of Public Health of Fudan University, couples of childbearing age who participated in the pre-conception physical examination in Shanghai Jiading District from 2016 to 2021 were recruited and followed up. Couples' time to pregnancy (TTP) was analyzed and Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to explore the factors associated with TTP. Kaplan-Meier was used to calculate each menstrual cycle's cumulative pregnancy rate. Results: A total of 1 095 preconception couples were included in the analysis, the M(Q₁,Q₃)of TTP was 4.33 (2.41, 9.78) menstrual cycles. Age of women (FR=0.90, 95%CI: 0.85-0.95, P<0.001), women who were overweight or obese before pregnancy (FR=0.36, 95%CI: 0.24-0.55, P<0.001), women who were exposed to second-hand smoking (FR=0.63, 95%CI: 0.44-0.92, P=0.016), women whose home or office had been renovated in the past 2 years and had a particular smell (FR=0.46, 95%CI: 0.26-0.81, P=0.008) were risk factors for impaired fertility. Regular menstrual cycles (FR=1.64, 95%CI: 1.16-2.31, P=0.005), females who often drank tea/coffee (FR=1.55, 95%CI: 1.11-2.17, P=0.011) and males who took folic acid before conception (FR=2.35, 95%CI: 1.38-4.23, P=0.002) were associated with better fertility. The cumulative pregnancy rate of 3, 6, and 12 menstrual cycles was 37.6%, 64.4%, and 78.4%, respectively. Conclusion: Older couples, overweight or obesity before pregnancy, irregular menstruation, exposure to secondhand smoke and decoration pollutants in females are associated with impaired fertility. Frequent tea/coffee drinking before pregnancy in females and taking folic acid before pregnancy in males are associated with shortened conception time.
Pregnancy ; Male ; Humans ; Female ; Cohort Studies ; Overweight/complications* ; Coffee ; Intention ; China/epidemiology* ; Fertility ; Obesity/complications* ; Tea

OBJECTIVES: To establish a rapid and nondestructive identification method for human body fluid stains and non-biological stains using three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy. METHODS: The collected three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum data of human saliva, 3% blood, coffee and Fanta^® stains were processed with dimensionality reduction. After wavelet transform, spectral denoising and feature extraction, the classification formula was established. The Fisher discriminant was used for spectrum matching and recognition to establish the analysis method to distinguish stain types. RESULTS: According to the results of data training and comparison, all the recognition accuracies of Fanta^®, coffee, saliva and blood were more than 91.39%. Among them, saliva reached 100% recognition accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy is a potential method for rapid and nondestructive identification of biological and non-biological stains.
Humans ; Forensic Medicine/methods* ; Coloring Agents/analysis* ; Coffee ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; Body Fluids/chemistry*

OBJECTIVES: Most cohort studies used food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) to evaluate coffee consumption as it assesses habitual dietary patterns, whereas some studies have used the 24-hour recalls (24HR) as it elicits in-depth description of foods and the amount eaten. The aim of this study was to compare FFQs and 24HR to assess the consumption of various types of coffee.METHODS: We included 25,904 participants aged 40 years or older from the Health Examinees (HEXA) Study of the Korean Genome and Epidemiologic Study (KoGES). Each participant completed one FFQ and one-day (n=11,280) or two-day 24HR (n=14,624). We classified coffee types into: black coffee, coffee with sugar and cream, and coffee with sugar alone or cream alone. We compared the proportions of nondrinkers, black coffee, and coffee with sugar and cream through FFQ and 24HR.RESULTS: Among those who completed one FFQ and one-day 24HR, 39.4% of “nondrinkers” on one-day 24HR reported that they did not drink coffee on their FFQs. Whereas among those who complete two-day 24HR, 71.2% of “nondrinkers” on two-day 24HR said that they did not drink coffee on their FFQs. Among those who completed one FFQ and oneday 24HR, 58.3% marked “black coffee” on one-day 24HR said that they drank black coffee on their FFQs. Among those who complete two-day 24HR, 58.8% marked “black coffee” on two-day 24HR said that they drank black coffee on their FFQs. The kappa coefficients and percent agreements were 0.4 and 59.6%, respectively, for the comparison of coffee intake between FFQ and one-day 24HR, and 0.6 and 72.8%, respectively, for the comparison of coffee intake between FFQ and two-day 24HR.CONCLUSIONS: We found discrepancies between FFQs and 24HR in the types of coffee consumed. Such limitations should be considered when using the 24HR data to examine the effect of coffee consumption on disease development.
Coffee ; Cohort Studies ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Genome

PURPOSE: This study evaluated color stability of Dentca 3D-printed denture teeth, in comparison to color stabilities of four conventional types of denture teeth, upon being immersed in various colorants.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four types of conventional prefabricated denture teeth (Surpass, GC, Artic 6, Heraeus Kulzer, Premium 6, Heraeus Kulzer, Preference, Candulor), 3D-printed denture teeth (Dentca); and Z250 (Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE) were prepared for testing. The samples were immersed in erythrosine 3%, coffee, cola, and distilled water (DW) at 37℃. Color change (ΔE) was measured by spectrophotometer before immersion and at 7, 14, and 21 days after immersion. One-way analysis of variance was performed along with Tukey's honestly significant difference multiple comparisons test (P<.05).RESULTS: No great difference was observed between the color change of Dentca denture teeth and that of conventional denture teeth in most cases (P>.05). The color change of Dentca denture teeth immersed in erythrosine 3% was greater than that of Surpass (ΔE = 0.67 ± 0.25) after 1 week; Artic 6 (ΔE = 1.44 ± 0.38) and Premium 6 (ΔE = 1.69 ± 0.35) after 2 weeks; and Surpass (ΔE = 1.79 ± 0.49), Artic 6 (ΔE = 2.07 ± 0.21), Premium 6 (ΔE = 2.03 ± 0.75), and Preference (ΔE = 2.01 ± 0.75) after 3 weeks (P<.05).CONCLUSION: A color change was observed in Dentca denture teeth when immersed in some colorants; however, the maximum value of ΔE for Dentca denture teeth was within the clinically acceptable range.
Coffee ; Cola ; Dentures ; Erythrosine ; Immersion ; Printing, Three-Dimensional ; Tooth ; Water

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Association between the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and obesity is universally a controversial issue. This study was undertaken to examine the beverage consumption pattern of Korean adolescents. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Data was collected from the 2016 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey involving 65,528 adolescent respondents. A list of the most frequently consumed beverages was analyzed, and the consumption frequency of carbonated beverages, SSBs, and energy drinks during the past seven-days was assessed. The main reasons for the adolescents to consume the beverages were also determined. RESULTS: The beverage preference of adolescents were carbonated beverages (31.0%), ‘fruit and vegetable beverages (17.7%)’, ‘milk (13.6%)’, and ‘coffee (12.7%)’. Carbonated beverages and SSBs were consumed more than three times a week by 27.1% and 41.1% of the respondents, respectively. About 86.2% of adolescents did not take of any energy drinks during the last seven-days. Taste was the most common reason that adolescents considered when choosing a drink. Carbonated beverages consumed more frequently by boys than girls, and high school students drank coffee more frequently than middle school students. CONCLUSIONS: Boys had a higher preference for unhealthy beverages than girls, whereas consumption of high-caffeine drinks was greater amongst high-school students than middle school students.
Adolescent ; Beverages ; Carbonated Beverages ; Coffee ; Energy Drinks ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Obesity ; Risk-Taking ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Vegetables

The aim of this study was to evaluate the color stability of bulk-fill and conventional resin composites with respect to different storage media and thickness of composites.Filtek™ Z250 and Filtek™ Z350XT were evaluated as conventional resin composites. Filtek™ Bulk-fill Posterior Restorative and Tetric® N-Ceram Bulk Fill were evaluated as bulk-fill resin composites.CIE L*a*b* values of baseline were measured after 24 hours of storage in distilled water, and each resin composite group was divided into three subgroups and stored in distilled water, red wine, and coffee media respectively. Again after 1, 7 and 28 days of immersion, color changes (ΔE*) were calculated using the CIE L*a*b* values.The greatest ΔE* was observed in red wine for all resin composites, and the mean color changes were ranked in the increasing order of distilled water, coffee, red wine. Filtek™ Z350XT exhibited the greatest color change in all media, followed by Filtek™ Bulk-fill Posterior Restorative. Filtek™ Z250 and Tetric® N-Ceram Bulk Fill followed with similar mean color change values. According to the 2 different thicknesses of 2 mm and 4 mm of bulk-fill resin composites, there was no thickness-related difference on color changes.
Coffee ; Immersion ; Water ; Wine

BACKGROUND: Coffee is a rich source of dietary antioxidants and is one of the most popular beverages worldwide. In recent times, substantial research has been published on its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effect in addition to its effect as a stimulant. Chronic low-grade inflammation is known to affect the pathogenesis of diverse diseases such as cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease, cancer, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) is a good marker of chronic inflammation in the body. Therefore, we examined the relationship between coffee consumption and serum CRP.METHODS: Participants were 759 men and 1,003 women, aged 20–64 years, who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2015. We categorized coffee consumption as follows: less than one cup a day, two to four cups a day, and five or more cups a day. Additionally, we classified women into pre- and post-menopausal women. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship between coffee consumption and serum CRP.RESULTS: Coffee consumption showed no measurable relationship with serum CRP in men and in pre- and post-menopausal women. However, serum CRP increased progressively with increase in coffee consumption in men reported high-risk alcohol use (P=0.005).CONCLUSION: Except for high-risk male drinkers, there is no association between coffee consumption and serum CRP.
Adult ; Alcohols ; Antioxidants ; Beverages ; C-Reactive Protein ; Caffeine ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Coffee ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Female ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Korea ; Linear Models ; Male ; Nutrition Surveys ; Obesity

BACKGROUND: C-reactive protein (CRP) is known as a strong predictor of cardiovascular risk compared with several other inflammatory markers. Coffee and green tea components, such as chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and polyphenol are known to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between coffee and green tea consumption and CRP levels in Korean adults.METHODS: The study included 3,031 people who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, sixth (2015) and seventh year (2016). In order to analyze the characteristics according to coffee and green tea consumption, continuous variables were presented as mean and standard error, and analysis of variance was performed. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to confirm the correlation between coffee and green tea consumption and CRP levels.RESULTS: There was no significant correlation between coffee consumption and CRP level. In case of green tea consumption, the correlation was not significant in women. The regression coefficients and standard errors were −0.26 (−0.51 to −0.01) with the consumption of one cup or less, −0.40 (−1.06 to 0.25) with the consumption of two cups, and −0.55 (−0.89 to −0.20) with the consumption of three cups or more in men, demonstrating a decrease in CRP levels with an increase in green tea consumption.CONCLUSION: There was no significant relationship between coffee consumption and serum CRP levels in Korean adults. Serum CRP levels decreased significantly as the intake increased among men who consumed green tea compared with the men in the control group.
Adult ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; C-Reactive Protein ; Chlorogenic Acid ; Coffee ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Linear Models ; Male ; Nutrition Surveys ; Tea