Objective:To analyze and clarify the conceptual connotation of health behaviors in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) .Methods:A three-phase hybrid concept analysis method was used. In the theoretical phase, a systematic literature search was conducted in China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, VIP, China Biology Medicine disc, PubMed, Web of Science, ProQuest, and EBSCO, covering publications up to April 30, 2024. In the fieldwork study, using the purposive sampling method, 8 community residents, 2 family members of residents, and 2 community workers were selected from Wuhan, Yichang, Neijiang, Zigong, Taiyuan, and Dongguan for semi-structured interviews from December 2023 to April 2024. In the analytical, data were compared and integrated.Results:TCM health behaviors are defined as multidimensional and multi-stage actions guided by TCM theories and techniques, aimed at preventing, maintaining, or promoting physical, mental, social, and moral well-being of oneself and others. A total of 8 core attributes were identified: acupoint-based health preservation, diet and herbal maintenance, daily routine regulation, exercise and qigong practice, emotional cultivation, simple lifestyle adjustments, utilization of TCM health resources, and participation in TCM health-related decision-making. Antecedents involve individual, social, environmental, and TCM-specific factors, while consequences include self-health promotion, support of others' well-being, and the dissemination of TCM culture.Conclusions:This study clarified the conceptual structure of TCM health behaviors. The findings can inform the development of localized assessment tools and intervention strategies, thereby supporting clinical nursing practice.

Objective:To analyze and clarify the conceptual connotation of health behaviors in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) .Methods:A three-phase hybrid concept analysis method was used. In the theoretical phase, a systematic literature search was conducted in China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, VIP, China Biology Medicine disc, PubMed, Web of Science, ProQuest, and EBSCO, covering publications up to April 30, 2024. In the fieldwork study, using the purposive sampling method, 8 community residents, 2 family members of residents, and 2 community workers were selected from Wuhan, Yichang, Neijiang, Zigong, Taiyuan, and Dongguan for semi-structured interviews from December 2023 to April 2024. In the analytical, data were compared and integrated.Results:TCM health behaviors are defined as multidimensional and multi-stage actions guided by TCM theories and techniques, aimed at preventing, maintaining, or promoting physical, mental, social, and moral well-being of oneself and others. A total of 8 core attributes were identified: acupoint-based health preservation, diet and herbal maintenance, daily routine regulation, exercise and qigong practice, emotional cultivation, simple lifestyle adjustments, utilization of TCM health resources, and participation in TCM health-related decision-making. Antecedents involve individual, social, environmental, and TCM-specific factors, while consequences include self-health promotion, support of others' well-being, and the dissemination of TCM culture.Conclusions:This study clarified the conceptual structure of TCM health behaviors. The findings can inform the development of localized assessment tools and intervention strategies, thereby supporting clinical nursing practice.

Objective:To investigate the protective effect and its mechanism of proscillaridin A (PSD-A) on podocyte injury in lupus nephritis (LN).Methods:Molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance techniques were used to analyze the binding status of PSD-A to signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1). The immortalized human podocyte injury model in the lupus group was induced by the serum of systemic lupus erythematosus patients, and the control and PSD-A intervention (2 nmol/L, 4 nmol/L) groups were also set up. Six female 12-week-old C57BL/6 mice were designated as the control group, and 12 female 12-week-old MRL/lpr lupus mice were randomly divided into lupus group and PSD-A intervention group by random number table method. The PSD-A intervention group was intraperitoneally injected with 5 mg/kg PSD-A, once per week for 6 consecutive weeks. While the control group and the lupus group were intraperitoneally injected with the same volume of the solvent without PSD-A. Western blotting and real-time quantitative PCR were employed to detect the relative protein and mRNA expression levels of podocin, STAT1, and interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeat 1 (IFIT1) in podocytes of each group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the levels of serum anti-double strand DNA antibody and interferon-α in mice. Coomassie brilliant blue was used to detect the urinary protein level. HE, PAS, Masson and PASM staining and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe the pathological changes of renal tissues. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the protein expression of podocin, STAT1 and IFIT1 in renal tissues.Results:Molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance techniques proved that PSD-A could bind to STAT1 protein and they exhibited a robust binding affinity. The podocyte experiments showed that, compared with the lupus group, the relative expression levels of podocin protein and mRNA in the PSD-A intervention group were upregulated, while the relative expression levels of STAT1 and IFIT1 protein and mRNA were downregulated (all P<0.05). The animal experiments showed that, compared with the lupus group, the serum levels of anti-double strand DNA antibody, interferon-α, and urinary protein in PSD-A intervention group were decreased, the pathological damage of renal tissues was alleviated, and the injury of renal podocytes was reduced. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the relative protein expression levels of STAT1 and IFIT1 of renal tissues in the PSD-A intervention group were lower than those in the lupus group (all P<0.05). Conclusion:PSD-A can play a protective role in podocyte injury in LN, and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the STAT1 signaling pathway.

Advanced atherosclerosis is the major global cause of death, as featured by the aggregation of apoptotic cells (ACs) in necrotic cores. The defective efferocytosis and dysfunctional cholesterol efflux of macrophages are the main reasons for forming necrotic cores in advanced atherosclerosis. In this study, we constructed self-assembled procyanidins (PC) NPs for loading pitavastatin (Pita). The designed HA@PC@Pita NPs with hyaluronic acid (HA) modification combined the advantages of efferocytosis restoration of Pita and cholesterol efflux enhancement of PC. In vitro assay indicated that HA@PC@Pita NPs could induce M1/M2 repolarization and upregulate ERK5/Mertk expression to restore efferocytosis of macrophages. Simultaneously, HA@PC@Pita NPs notably promoted cholesterol efflux by promoting macrophage lipophagy, a selective autophagy of lipid droplets. In vivo study showed that HA@PC@Pita NPs cleared necrotic core and enhanced plaque stability in the ApoE ^-/- mice model with advanced atherosclerosis. Taken together, this study demonstrated the potential of HA@PC@Pita NPs for the treatment of advanced atherosclerosis.

Objective:To investigate the protective effect and its mechanism of proscillaridin A (PSD-A) on podocyte injury in lupus nephritis (LN).Methods:Molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance techniques were used to analyze the binding status of PSD-A to signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1). The immortalized human podocyte injury model in the lupus group was induced by the serum of systemic lupus erythematosus patients, and the control and PSD-A intervention (2 nmol/L, 4 nmol/L) groups were also set up. Six female 12-week-old C57BL/6 mice were designated as the control group, and 12 female 12-week-old MRL/lpr lupus mice were randomly divided into lupus group and PSD-A intervention group by random number table method. The PSD-A intervention group was intraperitoneally injected with 5 mg/kg PSD-A, once per week for 6 consecutive weeks. While the control group and the lupus group were intraperitoneally injected with the same volume of the solvent without PSD-A. Western blotting and real-time quantitative PCR were employed to detect the relative protein and mRNA expression levels of podocin, STAT1, and interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeat 1 (IFIT1) in podocytes of each group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the levels of serum anti-double strand DNA antibody and interferon-α in mice. Coomassie brilliant blue was used to detect the urinary protein level. HE, PAS, Masson and PASM staining and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe the pathological changes of renal tissues. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the protein expression of podocin, STAT1 and IFIT1 in renal tissues.Results:Molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance techniques proved that PSD-A could bind to STAT1 protein and they exhibited a robust binding affinity. The podocyte experiments showed that, compared with the lupus group, the relative expression levels of podocin protein and mRNA in the PSD-A intervention group were upregulated, while the relative expression levels of STAT1 and IFIT1 protein and mRNA were downregulated (all P<0.05). The animal experiments showed that, compared with the lupus group, the serum levels of anti-double strand DNA antibody, interferon-α, and urinary protein in PSD-A intervention group were decreased, the pathological damage of renal tissues was alleviated, and the injury of renal podocytes was reduced. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the relative protein expression levels of STAT1 and IFIT1 of renal tissues in the PSD-A intervention group were lower than those in the lupus group (all P<0.05). Conclusion:PSD-A can play a protective role in podocyte injury in LN, and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the STAT1 signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: The fetal growth charts in widest use in China were published by Hadlock >35 years ago and were established on data from several hundred of American pregnant women. After that, >100 fetal growth charts were published around the world. We attempted to assess the impact of applying the long-standing Hadlock charts and other charts in a Chinese population and to compare their ability to predict newborn small for gestational age (SGA). METHODS: For this retrospective observational study, we reviewed all pregnant women ( n  = 106,455) who booked prenatal care with ultrasound measurements for fetal biometry at the Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital between 2012 and 2019. A fractional polynomial regression model was applied to generate Shenzhen fetal growth chart ranges for head circumference (HC), biparietal diameter (BPD), abdominal circumference (AC), and femur length (FL). The differences between Shenzhen charts and published charts were quantified by calculating the Z -score. The impact of applying these published charts was quantified by calculating the proportions of fetuses with biometric measurements below the 3rd centile of these charts. The sensitivity and area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of published charts to predict neonatal SGA (birthweight <10th centile) were assessed. RESULTS: Following selection, 169,980 scans of fetal biometry contributed by 41,032 pregnancies with reliable gestational age were analyzed. When using Hadlock references (<3rd centile), the proportions of small heads and short femurs were as high as 8.9% and 6.6% in late gestation, respectively. The INTERGROWTH-21st standards matched those of our observed curves better than other charts, in particular for fat-free biometry (HC and FL). When using AC<10th centile, all of these references were poor at predicting neonatal SGA. CONCLUSIONS Applying long-standing Hadlock references could misclassify a large proportion of fetuses as SGA. INTERGROWTH-21st standard appears to be a safe option in China. For fat-based biometry, AC, a reference based on the Chinese population is needed. In addition, when applying published charts, particular care should be taken due to the discrepancy of measurement methods.
Infant, Newborn ; Child ; Female ; Pregnancy ; Humans ; Growth Charts ; Prenatal Care ; Ultrasonography, Prenatal/methods* ; Fetal Development ; Fetal Growth Retardation ; Gestational Age ; Fetus ; China ; Infant, Newborn, Diseases ; Observational Studies as Topic

Objective:To investigate the risk factors for death in children with acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).Methods:This was a multicenter retrospective study. Thirty-nine children with ANE were from PICUs in 4 centers from December 1, 2014 to December 1, 2020. The 4 participating centers were Beijing Children′s Hospital, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Hebei Children′s Hospital, and Bao′an Maternity & Child Health Hospital. Patients were divided into survival and non-survival groups by the outcome at discharge, and the differences in clinical data between the two groups were compared. Risk factors for death in children with ANE and the odds ratios ( OR) were analyzed by univariable Logistic regression. Results:Thirty-nine children with ANE were included. There were 18 males and 21 females. The median onset age was 30 months. The mortality at discharge was 41% (16/39). The onset age of most patients (74%, 29/39) was younger than 4 years old. Influenza virus was the most common precursor infection (80%, 20/25). Patients with shock at PICU admission were more common in the non-survival group (12/16 vs. 17% (4/23), P=0.001). Glasgow coma score (GCS) at PICU admission was significantly lower in the non-survival group than survival group (3 (3, 6) vs. 6 (5, 7), Z=-2.598, P=0.009). The optimal cut-off value was 4. The proportion of patients with GCS ≤ 4 at PICU admission was higher in the non-survival group (10/16 vs. 22% (5/23), P=0.018). ANE severity score (ANE-SS) at PICU admission was significantly higher in the non-survival group (5 (2, 6) vs. 2 (1, 4), Z=-2.436, P=0.015). The proportion of patients with high risk ANE-SS was higher in non-survival group than the survival group (9/16 vs. 22% (5/23), P=0.043). The proportion of application of high-dose methylprednisolone (20 mg/(kg·d)) was significantly higher in survival group than non-survival group (43% (10/23) vs. 1/13, P=0.031). Univariable Logistic regression indicated that risk factors for death in children with ANE were shock ( OR=14.250, 95% CI 2.985-68.018, P=0.001), GCS≤4 ( OR=6.000, 95% CI 1.456-24.733, P=0.013) and high risk ANE-SS ( OR=4.629, 95% CI 1.142-18.752, P=0.032) at PICU admission. Conclusions:ANE usually occurs in children under 4 years old after influenza infection. Shock, GCS≤4 and high risk ANE-SS at PICU admission were risk factors for death in children with ANE. High-dose methylprednisolone may improve the prognosis of children with ANE.

Objective To discuss appropriate strategies of site visits in ethical committees ,to enhance the supervision of clinical trials effectively ,and standardize the implementation of clinical research .Methods In consideration of the lack of de-tailed normative description of site visit in ethical guidelines and relevant articles ,as well as the varying degrees of implementa-tion and understanding of site visits among different ethical committees .This article discussed the procedures ,contents and considerations of site visit based on the analysis of numerous site visits cases conducted .Results Site visit is one of the crucial procedures to more comprehensive ,in-depth and truly understanding of the implementation of clinical trials .It is helpful to help sponsors/investigators enhance awareness and compliance with the good clinical practice .It also helps to correct problems time-ly during the implementation process to assure the standardized implementation of follow-up studies ,and finally ,effectively protect the rights and interests and safety of subjects .Conclusions Standardized and efficient site visit strategy of the ethical committee is one of the important regulatory strategies in the implementation of clinical trials and is an effective supplement to the regular review of ethical materials .

Objective: To survey the conduction and evaluate the effectiveness of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in China mainland. Methods: In a questionnaire-based survey, we retrospectively reviewed the application of ECMO in children's hospital and general hospital in China mainland to summarize and analyze the categories of diseases and prognosis of children treated with ECMO therapy. Results: By December 31, 2017, a total of 23 hospitals using ECMO, including 22 tertiary referral hospitals and 1 secondary hospital, among which 16 were children′s hospitals and 7 were general hospitals. Thirty-seven ECMO equipment was available. A total of 518 patients treated with ECMO, within whom 323 (62.4%) successfully weaned from ECMO and 262 (50.6%) survived to discharge. Among 375 pediatric patients, 233 (62.1%) were successfully weaned from ECMO and 186 (49.6%) survived to discharge. Among 143 newborn patients, 90 (62.9%) successfully weaned from ECMO, 76 (53.1%) survived to discharge. ECMO was applied in veno-arterial (VA) mode to 501 (96.7%) patients, veno-venous (VV) mode to 14 (2.7%) patients, and VV-VA conversion mode to 3 (0.6%) patients. Sixty-nine patients required extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR), including 20 newborn patients (29.0%) and 38 pediatric patients (71.0%), who were all with cardiovascular disease. Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (26/61), persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) (12/61), and meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) (11/61) are the most common pulmonary diseases in newborn patients; among whom, infants with PPHN had highest survival rate (10/12), followed by MAS (9/11). Among newborn patients with cardiovascular diseases, those who admitted were after surgery for congenital cardiac disease were the most common (54/82), while those with septic shock had the highest survival rate (2/3). In pediatric pulmonary diseases, acute respiratory distress syndrome was the most common (42/93), while plastic bronchitis was with the highest survival rate (4/4), followed by viral pneumonia (13/16). Among pediatric cardiovascular diseases, congenital cardiac defect was the most common (124/282), while fulminant myocarditis had the highest survival rate (54/77). Conclusion The application of ECMO as a rescue therapy for children with severe cardiopulmonary failure has dramatically developed in China mainland.

Objective To investigate the expression of Rab11 in children with sepsis at different sta-ges and severe sepsis and its relationship with the occurrence and development of sepsis in children. Methods A prospective control study was performed. All cases were enrolled from Bao′an Maternal and Children Health Care Hospital, and they were divided into sepsis group(40 cases) who were diagnosed as sepsis, severe sepsis group(20 cases) with diagnosis of severe sepsis,and healthy control group(40 healthy chil-dren) . Venous blood samples were collected at admission,and the expression level of blood leukocyte Rab11 was determined by Western blot. In the sepsis group,the expression levels of Rab11 were evaluated at the initial,the extreme and the recovery stages of sepsis,and were compared with those in severe sepsis group and healthy control group, respectively. Spearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between the expressions of Rab11 and the levels of some parameters in blood,including white blood cell,neu-trophils,lymphocytes,monocytes,eosinophilic granulocyte,C-reactive protein and procalcitonin in blood,at the extreme stage. Meanwhile,the levels of Rab11 at extreme stage of sepsis,caused by different diseases, such as severe pneumonia,bronchiectasis complicated pulmonary infection,biliary tract infection,urinary tract infection, necrotizing enterocolitis and severe enteric viruses infection, were compared with each other. Results At the initial and the extreme stages of sepsis, as well as in severe sepsis group,the levels of Rab11 were significantly lower than that in the healthy control group(0. 54 times,0. 23 times and 0. 07 times, P<0. 05,respectively). There were no significant differences in the expression levels of Rab11 at the recovery stages of sepsis compared with that in the healthy control group(P>0. 05). There was no relation-ship between the level of Rab11 and the number of white blood cell, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophilic granulocyte, while the level of Rab11 was negatively correlated with C-reactive protein ( r =-0. 58,P=0. 014) and procalcitonin(r= -0. 63,P=0. 003) at the extreme stage of sepsis. There was no significant difference in the expression level of Rab11,at the extreme stage of sepsis,among those patients with severe pneumonia,bronchiectasis and pulmonary infection,biliary tract infection,urinary tract infection, necrotizing enterocolitis and severe enterovirus infection(P>0. 05). Conclusion The level of Rab11 is differently expressed at different stages of sepsis,and could be used as a predictor of the severity of sepsis in children.