Objective: To evaluate the classroom environmental management and CO 2 volume concentration in primary and secondary schools from Liaoning, Tianjin, and Shanghai, thereby providing a scientific basis for developing targeted strategies to improve classroom air quality. Methods: From December 16 to 26, 2024, by using stratified random cluster sampling method, the questionnaire survey was conducted in 72 primary and secondary schools (24 each of primary, junior high, and regular high schools) across Liaoning, Tianjin and Shanghai. Information on heating, ventilation and other classroom environmental management was collected. Additionally, 108 classrooms were selected for on site microclimate measurements, including temperature, humidity, wind speed and CO 2 volume concentration. Univariate analysis and multiple linear regression models were employed to explore related factors of classroom CO 2 volume concentration. Results: Among the three provinces/municipalities, 20.8% of schools regularly monitored the microclimate. The overall compliance rate for classroom CO 2 volume concentration was 17.6%. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that CO 2 volume concentration in regular and junior high school classrooms were higher than in primary school classrooms ( β=0.067, 0.046, 95%CI =0.036-0.099, 0.013-0.080); classrooms ventilated regularly in the morning and afternoon had higher CO 2 volume concentration than those ventilated during every break between classes ( β=0.043, 95%CI = 0.007- 0.080); both temperature ( β=0.010, 95%CI =0.004-0.016) and humidity ( β=0.003, 95%CI =0.002-0.004) were positively correlated with CO 2 volume concentration (all P <0.05). Conclusions Excessive CO 2 volume concentration in primary and secondary school classrooms is a prominent issue, and ventilation frequency is a key intervenable factor for controlling CO 2 levels. It is recommended to promote ventilation during every break between classes as a core management measure and to emphasize air quality supervision in regular high school classrooms.

Objective: To understand the subjective and objective comfort evaluations of students from different age groups on desks and chairs, so as to provide reference for standardized allocation and use of desks and chairs. Methods: From January to April 2024, a total of 2 446 students were selected from 26 schools in 13 districts (counties/cities) in Shanghai, Tianjin, and Wuxi from Jiangsu Province by using cluster random method, including students in kindergartens, primary schools, junior high schools,senior high schools, colleges and universities. Standardized procedures were used to measure the height and weight of participants, and the matching desks and chairs models were selected according to the height. The subjective comfort of students on matching desks and chairs was investigated, and their objective comfort was evaluated by using a self designed questionnaire. The χ 2 test was used to analyze the differences of subjective perception and objective evaluation in comfort between different types of desks and chairs. Results: About 84.1% of the students subjectively thought that large desks and small chairs were very comfortable or relatively comfortable, followed by large desks and chairs (75.7%), and the proportion of small desks and chairs was the lowest among the three types (46.2%), and the difference was statistically significant ( χ 2=722.46, P <0.01). The reporting rates of primary school, junior high school and senior high school students who subjectively considered large desks and chairs to be very comfortable/relatively comfortable were higher than that of other types of desks and chairs, and the differences were statistically significant ( χ 2=297.49, 252.82, 343.67, P <0.01). However, there was no significant difference in the subjective comfort evaluation of different types of desks and chairs among kindergarten children ( χ 2=3.21, P >0.05), and 66.3% of the students in colleges and universities felt very comfortable/relatively comfortable when they used the matching standard desks and chairs. The objective evaluation results of the comfort for the three types of desks and chairs were consistent with the subjective evaluation, but the proportions of the objective evaluation as very comfortable/relatively comfortable were higher than that of the subjective evaluation ( χ 2=20.76- 813.47, P <0.01). Conclusions Large desks and chairs, as well as large desks with small chairs are perceived comfortable, while small desks and chairs are perceived less comfortable. It is recommended to match the large desks and chairs or large desks and small chairs that are suitable for them according to the "standard", to promote physical and mental health of students.

Objective: To investigate the differences in the comfort of desks and chairs furniture among students with different body types according to the standard, so as to provide a reference for guiding students with overweight and obesity to choose the correct study furniture and revising the standards. Methods: From January to April 2024, 2 443 students from 26 schools in 13 districts (counties/cities) in Shanghai, Tianjin, and Jiangsu Province were selected by the cluster random sampling method to conduct physical examination. The subjective and objective evaluations of the comfort of height matched desks and chairs were investigated. The students were divided into non overweight, overweight, and obesity groups according to relevant criteria, and stratified analysis was performed. The χ 2 test was used to analyze differences in the comfort evaluations of desks and chairs among students with different body types. Results: Among the 2 443 students surveyed, 16.7% and 12.6% were respectively classified as overweight and obese. All students assigned the highest comfort ratings to large desks and small chairs (84.1%), and consistency was observed between students subjective and objective evaluations. The reporting rate of samll desks and chairs of obesity students subjective evaluation was lower (36.8%) than that of overweight and non overweight/obesity students (52.1%, 48.0%) ( χ 2=14.63, P <0.01). The overweight and obese group of primary school students had a worse evaluation of the comfort of large desks and chairs and small desks and chairs than those of the non overweight and obese groups( χ 2=15.78, 7.63, P <0.05). Among high school students, the overweight and obese group had worse evaluation of the comfort of large desks and chairs, as well as large desks and small chairs, than those of the non-overweight and obese groups( χ 2=9.62, 11.77, P <0.05). The objective evaluations revealed low compliance ratings on the posture of the thighs and calves for naturally forming an angle greater than 90° (55.6%), and headroom height under the table (50.3%) with small desks and chairs ( χ 2=94.05, 166.47, P <0.05). Conclusions Compared with non overweight/obese students, students with overweight and obese students report poor comfort evaluations of height matched desks and chairs. Revision of the standard should consider the body types of students, and evaluations of the comfort of desks and chairs furniture by students with overweight and obesity should be improved.

Objective: To understand the home reading-writing levels among children and adolescents in Shanghai after school, and to explore its association with screening myopia, so as to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of myopia. Methods: From April to December 2024, 641 primary and middle school students were recruited from 2 urban schools and 1 rural school in Shanghai to participate in the survey. An illuminance meter was used to measure the illuminance of home reading-writing activities after school. Screening myopia was determined through visual acuity examination and refractive detection under non ciliary muscle paralysis conditions among children and adolescents. A binary Logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between home reading-writing illuminance and screening myopia. Results: The detection rate of screening myopia among children and adolescents in Shanghai was 59.9%. The median home reading-writing illuminance after school was 340.9(112.2, 753.5) lx, and 45.4% was found of less than 300 lx. The family illuminance in the primary school stage [432.0 (136.9, 837.0) lx] was higher than that in the junior high school stage [113.1(53.7, 375.1) lx], and main urban area group [503.9 (212.6, 969.5) lx] was higher than that in the rural group [141.6 (53.7, 416.9) lx], the differences were statistically significant (Z=-7.56, -9.95,both P<0.05). The results of Logistic regression analysis showed that compared with the family illuminance of 150-500 lx, children and adolescents with family illuminance<150 and >500 lx had increased risks of screening myopia detection[OR(95%CI)=1.56(1.01-2.42), 1.74(1.15-2.62),both P<0.05]. Conclusions The home reading-writing illuminance after school is suboptimal. Both excessively low and high home reading-writing illuminance levels are associated with screen-detected myopia. It is necessary for children and adolescents to improve lighting conditions during evening reading-writing activities, and strengthen health education according to different regions and school stages.

Objective: To understand the indoor light at night (LAN) exposure intensity during sleep among children and adolescents in Shanghai, so as to provide a basis for exploring potential health risks and formulating effective interventions. Methods: From April to December in 2024, a total of 628 students in grades 4-7 were recruited from three schools in Shanghai. A portable illuminance meter was used to measure LAN for one week, and participants recorded their sleep time. The Kruskal-Wallis H- test was used for comparison between groups, and the error bar chart was used to show the trend and variation range of average LAN exposure intensity in different sleep periods. Results: The indoor LAN exposure intensity of children and adolescents in Shanghai was [2.4(0.8, 5.9)lx] during sleep, and 28.8% of children and adolescents were exposed to indoor LAN≥5 lx. There was no significant differences in indoor LAN exposure intensity between boys [2.4(1.0, 5.9)lx] and girls [2.3(0.7, 5.9)lx] ( Z=-0.86, P > 0.05 ). The indoor LAN exposure intensity of primary school students [2.9(1.1, 6.6)lx] was higher than that of junior high school students [1.0(0.3, 3.1)lx] ( Z =-5.87), and indoor LAN exposure intensity of students in the main urban area [3.2(1.1, 7.8)lx] was higher than that of rural students [1.6(0.5, 4.3)lx] ( Z =-5.23)(both P <0.05). The indoor LAN exposure intensity showed an overall decreasing trend during sleep of children and adolescents ( tau=-0.81, P =0.02), with a slight increase before waking up. Conclusions Indoor LAN exposure intensity among children and adolescents in Shanghai is generally high, especially among primary school students and students living in the main urban area. Health policy and education should be strengthened to reduce the impact of LAN on children and adolescent health.

Space medicine,as a comprehensive discipline ensuring the safety,health,and efficient performance of astronauts during manned space missions,focuses on elucidating the underlying mechanisms of multi-system physiological effects induced by extreme space environments and developing corresponding protective strategies.With China's space program transitioning into an application and development phase,space medical experiments—a critical domain within space applications—face significant opportunities and challenges.This paper reviews the international development trend in the field of medical experiments and the progress in China from perspectives including platform system construction,utilization of novel technologies,and scientific discoveries.It further outlines the engineering framework,guiding ideology,and key research directions for space medical experiments under China's Space Station Application and Development Project.Deliberations and prospects center on the in-depth analysis of the adaptation law of life in space flight,the application of big data and artificial intelligence technology,the emerging challenges it faces,and the scientific research organization models.This work aims to provide a reference for the development of space medical experiment field in China.

Objective: To understand the current status and associated factors of comorbidity of common illnesses among primary and middle school students in Shanghai, so as to provide a reference for improving the pathogenic environment and preventing the occurrence of comorbidity of common illnesses. Methods: From September to November 2021, a stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 30 331 middle school students from 112 schools in 16 districts of Shanghai, each with 2 primary schools, 2 junior high schools, 2 high schools and 1 vocational high school. Elementary school students, their health status and influencing factor questionnaires were analyzed. Results: The detection rate of two or more common diseases such as myopia, overweight and obesity, high blood pressure, and abnormal spinal curvature among primary and secondary school students in Shanghai was 38.91%, of which 29.64% of primary and secondary school students had two diseases at the same time, and 9.19% had three diseases, 0.09% had 4 diseases. The detection rate of comorbidity was higher in boys (44.12%) than in girls (33.40%), and higher in junior high school students (40.40%) than in high school students (38.58%) and primary school students (38.01%). The differences were statistically significant (χ2=366.44, 50.33, P<0.01). Multifactor Logistic regression analysis showed that girls sometimes supervise themselves and often remind themselves that their sitting and standing postures were negatively correlated with the common comorbidities of primary and secondary school students (OR=0.64, 0.93, 0.90); junior middle school students and watching TV/d ≥1 h, using computers for ≥1 h/d, and using mobile electronic devices for >1 h/d were positively correlated with the comorbidity of common diseases among primary and secondary school students (OR=1.07, 1.10, 1.06, 1.10) (P<0.05). Conclusions The prevalence of comorbidity of common illnesses among primary and middle school students in Shanghai is not optimistic, which might be associated with combined effects of various external environmental factors. Targeted intervention should be implemented to effectively prevent the occurrence of comorbidities among students.

To investigate the levels and clinical significance of serum microRNA ( miR) -146a, miR-145, T-helpertype17 (Th17)/regulatory T cell (Treg) in children with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infectious pneumonia. The clinical data of 200 children with RSV infectious pneumonia admitted to Nantong Maternal and Child Health Hospital from June 2020 to June 2023 were retrospectively collected as the study group. At the same time, 200 children with mycoplasma pneumonia were selected as the common pneumonia group and 200 healthy children were selected as the healthy group. The levels of serum inflammatory factors [interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)] were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression levels of serum miR-146a and miR-145 were detected by RT-qPCR. The levels of Th17/Treg were detected by flow cytometry. The levels of miR-146a, miR-145, Th17/Treg and serum inflammatory factors were compared among the three groups. Pearson method was used to analyze the correlation between miR-146a, miR-145, Th17/Treg and serum inflammatory factors in children with RSV infectious pneumonia. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to analyze the diagnostic value of miR-146a, miR-145, Th17/Treg in children with respiratory syncytial virus infection pneumonia. The results showed that in the study group, miR-146a (2.01±0.58), miR-145 (1.81±0.46), Th17/Treg (1.09±0.31), IL-6 (7.82±2.11) ng/L and TNF-α (9.82±2.96) ng/L were higher than those in the common pneumonia group miR-146a (1.49±0.42), miR-145 (1.43±0.31), Th17/Treg (0.77±0.24), IL-6 (5.89±1.32) ng/L, TNF-α (7.34±2.32) ng/L and healthy group miR-146a (1.25±0.19), miR-145 (1.19±0.16), Th17/Treg (0.38±0.09), IL-6 (4.52±1.04) ng/L, TNF-α (5.39±1.07)ng/L. The levels of the above indexes in the common pneumonia group were higher than those in the healthy group, and the differences were statistically significant ( F=183.543, 175.938, 617.182, 226.657, 193.459, P<0.05). In the study group, IFN-γ (14.18±3.25) pg/ml was lower than that in the control group (19.52±5.13) pg/ml, but higher than that in the healthy group (9.77±2.40) pg/ml, and the difference was statistically significant ( F=335.432, P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that miR-146a, miR-145 and Th17/Treg were positively correlated with IL-6 and TNF-α ( P<0.05), but negatively correlated with IFN-γ ( P<0.05). ROC curve results showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of miR-146a, miR-145 and Th17/Treg in the diagnosis of RSV infectious pneumonia was 0.767, 0.762 and 0.790, respectively, while the combined detection of the three was 0.904. In conclusion, the levels of miR-146a, miR-145 and Th17/Treg are highly expressed in children with RSV infectious pneumonia, and are closely related to the inflammatory response of children. The combined detection of the three may have certain application value in the auxiliary diagnosis of RSV infectious pneumonia.

To investigate the levels and clinical significance of serum microRNA ( miR) -146a, miR-145, T-helpertype17 (Th17)/regulatory T cell (Treg) in children with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infectious pneumonia. The clinical data of 200 children with RSV infectious pneumonia admitted to Nantong Maternal and Child Health Hospital from June 2020 to June 2023 were retrospectively collected as the study group. At the same time, 200 children with mycoplasma pneumonia were selected as the common pneumonia group and 200 healthy children were selected as the healthy group. The levels of serum inflammatory factors [interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)] were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression levels of serum miR-146a and miR-145 were detected by RT-qPCR. The levels of Th17/Treg were detected by flow cytometry. The levels of miR-146a, miR-145, Th17/Treg and serum inflammatory factors were compared among the three groups. Pearson method was used to analyze the correlation between miR-146a, miR-145, Th17/Treg and serum inflammatory factors in children with RSV infectious pneumonia. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to analyze the diagnostic value of miR-146a, miR-145, Th17/Treg in children with respiratory syncytial virus infection pneumonia. The results showed that in the study group, miR-146a (2.01±0.58), miR-145 (1.81±0.46), Th17/Treg (1.09±0.31), IL-6 (7.82±2.11) ng/L and TNF-α (9.82±2.96) ng/L were higher than those in the common pneumonia group miR-146a (1.49±0.42), miR-145 (1.43±0.31), Th17/Treg (0.77±0.24), IL-6 (5.89±1.32) ng/L, TNF-α (7.34±2.32) ng/L and healthy group miR-146a (1.25±0.19), miR-145 (1.19±0.16), Th17/Treg (0.38±0.09), IL-6 (4.52±1.04) ng/L, TNF-α (5.39±1.07)ng/L. The levels of the above indexes in the common pneumonia group were higher than those in the healthy group, and the differences were statistically significant ( F=183.543, 175.938, 617.182, 226.657, 193.459, P<0.05). In the study group, IFN-γ (14.18±3.25) pg/ml was lower than that in the control group (19.52±5.13) pg/ml, but higher than that in the healthy group (9.77±2.40) pg/ml, and the difference was statistically significant ( F=335.432, P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that miR-146a, miR-145 and Th17/Treg were positively correlated with IL-6 and TNF-α ( P<0.05), but negatively correlated with IFN-γ ( P<0.05). ROC curve results showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of miR-146a, miR-145 and Th17/Treg in the diagnosis of RSV infectious pneumonia was 0.767, 0.762 and 0.790, respectively, while the combined detection of the three was 0.904. In conclusion, the levels of miR-146a, miR-145 and Th17/Treg are highly expressed in children with RSV infectious pneumonia, and are closely related to the inflammatory response of children. The combined detection of the three may have certain application value in the auxiliary diagnosis of RSV infectious pneumonia.

Objective:To discuss the protective effect of ginsenoside Rh1(G-Rh1)on kidney injury in the diabetic mellitus(DM)mice,and to clarify its mechanism.Methods:The diabetic kidney disease(DKD)model was prepared by using the high-fat,high-sugar diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(STZ).A total of 48 C57/BL6 model mice were randomly divided into model group,nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)inhibitor ML385 group(ML385 group)(30 mg·kg-1),G-Rh1 group(30 mg·kg-1),and G-Rh1+ML385 group(30 mg·kg-1 G-Rh1+30 mg·kg-1 ML385),and there were 12 mice in each group.Additionally,12 C57/BL6 mice were selected as control group.After treated for 8 weeks,automatic analyzer was used to detect the levels of fasting blood glucose(FBG),blood urea nitrogen(BUN),and serum creatinine(Scr)in serum of the mice in various groups,as well as 24 h urinary protein(24 h UP)levels in urine,and the kidney index was calculated;kits were used to detect the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),and the levels of malondialdehyde(MDA)in kidney tissue of the mice in various groups;Western blotting method was used to detect the expression levels of Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)proteins in kidney tissue of the mice in various groups.Results:Compared with control group,the levels of FBG and kidney indexes in serum of the mice in model group,ML385 group,and G-Rh1+ML385 group were significantly increased(P<0.01),and the level of FBG in serum of the mice in G-Rh1 group was significantly increased(P<0.01);compared with model group,the kidney index of the mice in ML385 group was significantly increased(P<0.05),while the levels of FBG and kidney index of the mice in G-Rh1 group were significantly decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.01);compared with G-Rh1 group,the level of FBG and kidney index of the mice in G-Rh1+ML385 group were significantly increased(P<0.01).Compared with control group,the levels of BUN and Scr in serum,and 24 h UP in urine of the mice in model group,ML385 group,G-Rh1 group,and G-Rh1+ML385 group were significantly increased(P<0.01);compared with model group,the level of BUN in serum and 24 h UP in urine of the mice in ML385 group were significantly increased(P<0.05),while the levels of BUN and Scr in serum,and 24 h UP in urine of the mice in G-Rh1 group were significantly decreased(P<0.01);compared with G-Rh1 group,the levels of BUN and Scr in serum,and 24 h UP in urine of the mice in G-Rh1+ML385 group were significantly increased(P<0.01).Compared with control group,the activities of SOD in kidney tissue of the mice in model group,ML385 group,G-Rh1 group,and G-Rh1+ML385 group were significantly decreased(P<0.01),while the levels of MDA and LDH activities were significantly increased(P<0.01);compared with model group,the activity of SOD in kidney tissue of the mice in ML385 group was significantly decreased(P<0.05),and the level of MDA was significantly increased(P<0.05);the activity of SOD in kidney tissue of the mice in of G-Rh1 group was significantly increased(P<0.01),and the level of MDA and activity of LDH were significantly decreased(P<0.01);compared with G-Rh1 group,the activity of SOD in kidney tissue of the mice in G-Rh1+ML385 group was significantly decreased(P<0.01),and the level of MDA and activity of LDH were significantly increased(P<0.01).Compared with control group,the expression levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins in kidney tissue of the mice in model group,ML385 group,G-Rh1 group,and G-Rh1+ML385 group were significantly decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.01);compared with model group,the expression levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins in kidney tissue of the mice in ML385 group and G-Rh1+ML385 group were significantly decreased(P<0.05),while the expression levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins in kidney tissue of the mice in G-Rh1 group were significantly increased(P<0.01);compared with G-Rh1 group,the expression levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins in kidney tissue of the mice in G-Rh1+ML385 group were significantly decreased(P<0.01).Conclusion:Ginsenoside Rh1 reduces the oxidative stress and improves the kidney function,providing protective effects on kidney injury in the DM mice,and its mechanism may be related to the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.