Objective:To understand the characteristics and differences of diarrhea-related symptoms caused by different pathogens, and the clinical features of various pathogens causing diarrhea.Methods:Etiology surveillance program was conducted among 20 provinces of China from 2010 to 2016. The acute diarrhea outpatients were collected from clinics or hospitals. A questionnaire was used to survey demographics and clinical features. VFeces samples were taken for laboratory detection of 22 common diarrhea pathogens, to detect and analyze the clinical symptom pattern characteristics of the patient’s.Results:A total of 38 950 outpatients were enrolled from 20 provinces of China. The positive rates of Rotavirus and Norovirus were the highest among the five diarrhea-causing viruses (Rotavirus: 18.29%, Norovirus: 13.06%). In the isolation and culture of 17 diarrhea-causing bacterial, Escherichia coli showed the highest positive rates (6.25%). The clinical features of bacterial diarrhea and viral diarrhea were mainly reflected in the results of fecal traits and routine examination, but pathogenic Vibrio infection was similar to viral diarrhea. Conclusion:Infectious diarrhea presents different characteristics due to various symptoms which can provide a basis for clinical diagnosis.

Objective To test the clinical validity of use of the Chinese version of Munro adult pressure ulcer risk-assessment scales (Munro scales),Braden scales,Qian Weiming operation pressure ulcer risk-assessment scales (self-designed scales) in the patients with general anesthesia surgery.Methods Three investigators respectively used the Munro scales,Braden scales and self-designed scales to conduct the pressure ulcer risk-assessment on 261 patients with general anesthesia surgery before operation,at the end of operation and at exiting from anesthesia recovery room.The sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value and negative predictive value of each assessment tool were calculated.Results The best critical values of the Munro scales before operation,at the end of operation and at exiting from anesthesia recovery room were 8.0,24.5,28.5 points respectively;which of the Braden scale were 18.5,11.5,13.5 points respectively;which of self-made scale were 12.5,13.5,13.5 points respectively.The area under the ROC curve of the three different scales at the beginning of the operation above was 0.653,0.596,0.652.The area under the ROC curve of the three different scales at the end of the operation above was 0.872,0.548,0.792.The areas under the ROC curve of the three different scales before operation were 0.868,0.773 and 0.813 respectively.Conclusion The Chinese version of Munro scales is more suitable for the assessment of operative patient's pressure ulcer risk than the Braden scale and self-designed scales,but the preoperative risk assessment needs to be improved.

Objective To observe the curative effect of 17β-estradiol on idiopathic ventricular arrhythmia (IVA) during peri-menopausal period and explore the association with IP3/Ryn expression of receptor-regulated calcium pool. Methods 32 cases IVA during peri-menopausal period (IVA group) and 32 cases healthy women during peri-menopausal period of the same levels of age (normal control group) were selected. The IVA group received oral 17β-estradiol for 2 months. The count of arrhythmia in IVA group was recorded, the IP3/Ryn 2 expression pre- and post-treatment in IVA group and normal control group were detected. Results Compared with pre-treatment, 17β-estradiol significantly reduced the occurrence of IVA (P<0.05). Compared with pre-treatment, 17β-estradiol significantly reduced IP3 expression(P<0.05), while there was no significant difference compared with normal control group. 17β-estradiol had no significant effect on Ryn 2 expression. Conclusion The anti-IVA effect of 17β-estradiol may be associated with the IP3 receptor gene expression.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of posaconazole in antifungal prophylaxis. Methods CNKI,VIP,CBM,Wangfang Database,PubMed,Cochrane Library,Embase, OVID,and Web of Science from the inception to March 2014 were searched. The randomized controlled trials(RCT)which compared posaconazole with placebo or other antifungal drugs in antifungal prophylaxis and the endpoint was the incidences of invasive fungal infection( IFI),all-cause mortality,or adverse reactions were collected. The related information was selected and RevMan 5. 1 software of Cochrane Collaboration was used for statistical analysis. The results were expressed as odds ratios( OR)and its corresponding 95% confidence intervals(CI). Results A total of 6 RCTs were enrolled into the study. Of them,4 RCTs were comparison of posaconazole with one other antifungal drug,and 2 RCTs were
comparison of posaconazole with two kinds of other antifungal drugs. There were 1 410 cases in the experimental group and 929 cases in the control group. The results of Meta-analysis showed that the incidence of IFI in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group(OR = 0. 37,95% CI:0. 27-0. 50,P ﹤ 0. 000 01). The results of comparison of posaconazole with other antifungal drugs showed that the incidence of invasive fungal infections in the experimental group were lower than those in the fluconazol group(OR = 0. 42,95% CI:0. 28-0. 64,P ﹤ 0. 000 1)and the itraconazole group(OR = 0. 33, 95% CI:0. 21-0. 53,P ﹤ 0. 000 01). There were no statistical significant differences in incidence of invasive fungal infections between the experimental group and the control groups of voriconazole and amphotericin B(OR =0. 13,95% CI:0. 01-2. 67,P =0. 19;OR =0. 11,95% CI:0. 01-2. 34,P =0. 16). The incidence of invasive mold infection in the experimental group was lower than that in the fluconazole group(OR = 0. 25,95% CI:0. 12-0. 51,P = 0. 000 1). There was no statistical significant difference in incidence of invasive mold infection between the experimental group and the itraconazole group(OR = 0. 10, 95% CI:0. 01-1. 59,P = 0. 10). There were no statistical significant differences in incidence of invasive candida infection between the experimental group and the control groups of fluconazol and itraconazole(P =0. 91,P = 0. 33). The all-cause mortality in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group (OR = 0. 64,95% CI:0. 49-0. 82,P = 0. 000 5). The incidence of adverse reactions in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group(OR =0. 81,95% CI:0. 66-0. 99,P =0. 04);but the result of subgroup analysis showed that there were no statistical significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the experimental group and the control groups such as fluconazol,itraconazole,voriconazole, and amphotericin B liposomes( all P > 0. 05). It was considered that publication bias existed in above-mentioned 6 RCTs. Conclusion The effectiveness of posaconazole in antifungal prophylaxis is better than those in the non-posaconazole drugs and the safety of posaconazole is similar to the non-posaconazole drugs.

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a kind of important barrier system in the body. It can have a choice to prevent certain substances from entering the brain, in order to maintain the relative stability of internal environment of the central nervous system (CNS). However, it also became an important restriction factor for the treatment of CNS diseases. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) had good curative effects on several kinds of CNS diseases, which illustrated that effective composition of TCM can pass through or influence the function of BBB. This paper summarized the research progress of literatures on current pharmacological and clinical trials for the effect of TCM on BBB.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of posaconazole in antifungal prophylaxis. Methods CNKI,VIP,CBM,Wangfang Database,PubMed,Cochrane Library,Embase, OVID,and Web of Science from the inception to March 2014 were searched. The randomized controlled trials(RCT)which compared posaconazole with placebo or other antifungal drugs in antifungal prophylaxis and the endpoint was the incidences of invasive fungal infection( IFI),all-cause mortality,or adverse reactions were collected. The related information was selected and RevMan 5. 1 software of Cochrane Collaboration was used for statistical analysis. The results were expressed as odds ratios( OR)and its corresponding 95% confidence intervals(CI). Results A total of 6 RCTs were enrolled into the study. Of them,4 RCTs were comparison of posaconazole with one other antifungal drug,and 2 RCTs were
comparison of posaconazole with two kinds of other antifungal drugs. There were 1 410 cases in the experimental group and 929 cases in the control group. The results of Meta-analysis showed that the incidence of IFI in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group(OR = 0. 37,95% CI:0. 27-0. 50,P ﹤ 0. 000 01). The results of comparison of posaconazole with other antifungal drugs showed that the incidence of invasive fungal infections in the experimental group were lower than those in the fluconazol group(OR = 0. 42,95% CI:0. 28-0. 64,P ﹤ 0. 000 1)and the itraconazole group(OR = 0. 33, 95% CI:0. 21-0. 53,P ﹤ 0. 000 01). There were no statistical significant differences in incidence of invasive fungal infections between the experimental group and the control groups of voriconazole and amphotericin B(OR =0. 13,95% CI:0. 01-2. 67,P =0. 19;OR =0. 11,95% CI:0. 01-2. 34,P =0. 16). The incidence of invasive mold infection in the experimental group was lower than that in the fluconazole group(OR = 0. 25,95% CI:0. 12-0. 51,P = 0. 000 1). There was no statistical significant difference in incidence of invasive mold infection between the experimental group and the itraconazole group(OR = 0. 10, 95% CI:0. 01-1. 59,P = 0. 10). There were no statistical significant differences in incidence of invasive candida infection between the experimental group and the control groups of fluconazol and itraconazole(P =0. 91,P = 0. 33). The all-cause mortality in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group (OR = 0. 64,95% CI:0. 49-0. 82,P = 0. 000 5). The incidence of adverse reactions in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group(OR =0. 81,95% CI:0. 66-0. 99,P =0. 04);but the result of subgroup analysis showed that there were no statistical significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the experimental group and the control groups such as fluconazol,itraconazole,voriconazole, and amphotericin B liposomes( all P > 0. 05). It was considered that publication bias existed in above-mentioned 6 RCTs. Conclusion The effectiveness of posaconazole in antifungal prophylaxis is better than those in the non-posaconazole drugs and the safety of posaconazole is similar to the non-posaconazole drugs.