Both porto-sinusoidal vascular disorder and hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome belong to hepatic vascular diseases， and they have differences in etiology， clinical manifestations， treatment， and prognosis. However， recent research evidence has gradually shown that the association between porto-sinusoidal vascular disorder and hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome has not been fully understood， suggesting that they may be two different manifestations of the same disease. This article reviews the association between these two diseases and related research evidence.

Metabolic syndrome is a complex group of metabolic disorders with an increasing global incidence rate,posing a serious threat to human health.Sodium-glucose linked transporter 2(SGLT2)inhibitors are a new type of oral hypoglycemic drug.SGLT2 inhibitors not only lower blood glucose level in a non-insulin-dependent manner by inhibiting glucose reabsorption by renal proximal convoluted tubular epithelial cell to promote urinary glucose excretion,but also by improving islet β cell function,reducing inflammatory responses,and inhibiting oxidative stress.In addition,SGLT2 inhibitors can reduce body weight through osmotic diuresis and increase fat metabolism;reduce blood pressure by inhibiting excessive activation of sympathetic nervous system and by improving vascular function.They can also improve blood lipids by increasing degradation of triacylglycerol;reduce blood uric acid by promoting uric acid excretion in kidney and intestine,and by reducing uric acid synthesis.This article reviews the effects and mechanisms of SGLT2 inhibitors on multiple metabolic disorders in metabolic syndrome and explores their potential application in metabolic syndrome treatment.

【Objective】 To investigate the prevalence of hepatitis D virus in Dalian blood donors. 【Methods】 The samples reactive to HBV in blood screening were selected with the following confirmed results: 1)HBsAg+ &HBV DNA+ ; 2)HBsAg+ & HBV DNA-; 3)HBsAg-&HBV DNA+ ; 4)NAT-yield uncertain. Qualified samples in routine blood screening were additionally tested with anti-HBc+ and anti-HBs+. All samples selected were tested HDV IgG further. Initial reactive samples would be tested by another HDV IgG assay and HDV IgM assay. HDV IgG positive was confirmed when samples were reactive to two HDV IgG assays. 【Results】 None HDV antibodies were detected among 1 344 unqualified samples (507 HBsAg+ &HBV DNA+, 33 HBsAg+ &HBV DNA-, 477 HBsAg-&HBV DNA+ and 327 NAT-yield uncertain samples) or 766 qualified samples (397 anti-HBc+ and 369 anti-HBs samples) in blood screening. 【Conclusion】 The prevalence of HDV infections among Dalian blood donors eligible in pre-donation screening seemed extremely low. However, for areas with high HBV prevalence, the risk of blood safety caused by OBI co-infection with HDV should not be ignored.

【Objective】 To investigate the serological and molecular characteristics of HBsAg+ /HBV DNA non-reactive (NR) infections. 【Methods】 Samples tested as HBsAg+ and HBV DNA NR were confirmed by individual NAT repeat testing, viral particle concentration by PEG precipitation combined with in-house nested PCR and real-time quantitative PCR, anti-HBc testing, and HBsAg quantification. HBV sequences were compared with those from donors with chronic and occult infection as controls. 【Results】 A total of 792 195 samples were screened between January 2011 and December 2020, of which 53 (1: 14 947) were confirmed HBsAg+ /HBV DNA NR. HBV DNA was detected further in five (9.4%) samples; three S sequences and four Pre Core/Core sequences were obtained. Unique amino acid substitutions (P130T, P135Q/S, R151Q, G153S and S155F) were found in the Core protein that may affect virus packaging and replication. 【Conclusion】 Extremely low HBV DNA level was detected in plasmas of HBsAg+ /HBV DNA NR donors. Barely detectable HBV DNA might be associated with unusual mutations in the Pre Core/Core protein affecting viral replication. More sensitive HBV DNA and/or HBsAg assays may be considered to further reduce the potential HBV transfusion-transmission residual risk.

Objective:To explore the clinical characteristics of granulomatous mastitis (GM) induced by antipsychotics.Methods:Antipsychotic-related GM cases were collected in Chengdu Women′s and Children′s Central Hospital. Meanwhile, antipsychotic-related GM literature cases in PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, Wanfang, VIP, and CNKI databases up to November 2019 were searched. The age, fertility status, primary mental disease, causative agents, duration of medication, diagnosis and characteristics of breast lumps, serum prolactin level, intervention measures, and prognosis of these patients were collected and analyzed retrospectively.Results:A total of 7 clinical patients and 9 literature cases with antipsychotic drug-related GM were collected, and all of them were female, aged 21-55 years, of which 10 patients were never giving birth. They took antipsychotics for 0.5-17.0 years. The causative drugs included risperidone in 8 of the 16 patients. Other antipsychotics included olanzapine, clozapine, sulpiride, aripiprazole, perphenazine, quetiapine, amisulpride, flupentixol and melitracen, and etc. Serum prolactin levels elevated in 12 patients (25.45-84.50 μg/L), were normal in 3 patients, and were not mentioned in 1 patient. Surgical resection was performed in 9 patients. GM were improved significantly in the remaining 7 patients with or without adjusting antipsychotics after receiving oral administration of bromocriptine and/or methylprednisolone. And GM recurred in 1 patient during the followed-up.Conclusion:Antipsychotic-related GM may occur in women of any age, regardless of whether they have giving birth. Risperidone is the main antipsychotic drug causing GM.

Objective:To explore the clinical characteristics of granulomatous mastitis (GM) induced by antipsychotics.Methods:Antipsychotic-related GM cases were collected in Chengdu Women′s and Children′s Central Hospital. Meanwhile, antipsychotic-related GM literature cases in PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, Wanfang, VIP, and CNKI databases up to November 2019 were searched. The age, fertility status, primary mental disease, causative agents, duration of medication, diagnosis and characteristics of breast lumps, serum prolactin level, intervention measures, and prognosis of these patients were collected and analyzed retrospectively.Results:A total of 7 clinical patients and 9 literature cases with antipsychotic drug-related GM were collected, and all of them were female, aged 21-55 years, of which 10 patients were never giving birth. They took antipsychotics for 0.5-17.0 years. The causative drugs included risperidone in 8 of the 16 patients. Other antipsychotics included olanzapine, clozapine, sulpiride, aripiprazole, perphenazine, quetiapine, amisulpride, flupentixol and melitracen, and etc. Serum prolactin levels elevated in 12 patients (25.45-84.50 μg/L), were normal in 3 patients, and were not mentioned in 1 patient. Surgical resection was performed in 9 patients. GM were improved significantly in the remaining 7 patients with or without adjusting antipsychotics after receiving oral administration of bromocriptine and/or methylprednisolone. And GM recurred in 1 patient during the followed-up.Conclusion:Antipsychotic-related GM may occur in women of any age, regardless of whether they have giving birth. Risperidone is the main antipsychotic drug causing GM.

BACKGROUND:Accumulative evidence supports that co-culture technology can be applied to construct the tissue-engineered cartilage with excellent biological characters. OBJECTIVE:To elaborate the co-culture concept and conclude and analyze seed cell sources, cel mixed ratio, spatial y-defined co-culture models and biomaterials in co-culture systems to conclude and analyze the biological characters of tissue-engineered cartilage, and to prospect progression of co-culture systems in cartilage tissue engineering. METHODS:The first author retrieved the databases of PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI for relative papers published from January 1976 to May 2016 using the keywords ofco-culture, co-culture systems;articular cartilage, chondrocytes, mesenchymal stem cells;tissue engineering, articular cartilage tissue engineeringin English and Chinese, respectively. Finally 60 literatures were included in result analysis, including 1 Chinese and 59 English articles. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Co-culture technology emphasizes the role of microenvironment in terms of various physical, chemical and biological factors in the cell processing. In cartilage tissue engineering, co-culture systems contribute to maintain the viability and natural cell phenotype of chondrocytes and induce cartilage differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. In addition, co-culture technology provides a novel way for cartilage tissue engineering to overcome the shortage of chondrocytes and repair injury to the cartilage-subchondral bone. However, the mechanisms of cell-cell interaction in co-culture systems still need to be explored in depth, so as to optimize the co-culturing conditions and construct perfect tissue-engineered cartilage.

Objective To develop a list of high-alert medications for the Chinese children and provide reference for medication safety in children. Methods Based on the list of Children′s high-alert medications of the United States of America, the Netherlands, and Spain, and combined with the data of serious adverse drug reactions ( ADR) in children derived from literature published in China and abroad, serious ADR reports from ADR monitoring center of Beijing, Guangdong, Anhui, Hunan, and the People′s Liberation Army, medication errors in children from the International Network for the Rational Use of Drugs, prescription data from "Hospital Prescription Analysis Collaborative Project", we created a preliminary list of high-alert medications for children in China. The preliminary list was argued by expert consultation using Delphi technique. Thirty two experts were invited in the round 1 consultation, and according to the expert advices, the preliminary list was adjusted and the revised list formed. Thirty two experts were also invited in the round 2 consultation, according to the expert advices, the revised list was adjusted and the final version of the list of high-alert medications for Chinese children formed. Results A total of 17 classes and 55 kinds of drugs were entered into the list of high-alert medications for Chinese children, each drug had 1-4 risk points and one piece of advice. The average value of the familiarity of each expert with drugs was>0. 60;the average value of judgment basis for each expert was>0. 70;the average value of authority for each expert was >0. 70. The number of survey indexes in round 1 was 63, the expert coordination coefficient was 0. 18. The number of survey indexes in round 2 was 59, experts coordination coefficient was 0. 24. The difference between the coordinate coefficient in the 2 rounds of experts consultation was statistically significant (χ2=516. 424, P<0. 05;χ2=721. 635, P<0. 05). Conclusion The list of high-alert medications for children in China was developed preliminarily and may be used as a tool to promote medication safety and reduce the risk of medication for children in China.

Objective To develop a list of high-alert medications for the Chinese children and provide reference for medication safety in children. Methods Based on the list of Children′s high-alert medications of the United States of America, the Netherlands, and Spain, and combined with the data of serious adverse drug reactions ( ADR) in children derived from literature published in China and abroad, serious ADR reports from ADR monitoring center of Beijing, Guangdong, Anhui, Hunan, and the People′s Liberation Army, medication errors in children from the International Network for the Rational Use of Drugs, prescription data from "Hospital Prescription Analysis Collaborative Project", we created a preliminary list of high-alert medications for children in China. The preliminary list was argued by expert consultation using Delphi technique. Thirty two experts were invited in the round 1 consultation, and according to the expert advices, the preliminary list was adjusted and the revised list formed. Thirty two experts were also invited in the round 2 consultation, according to the expert advices, the revised list was adjusted and the final version of the list of high-alert medications for Chinese children formed. Results A total of 17 classes and 55 kinds of drugs were entered into the list of high-alert medications for Chinese children, each drug had 1-4 risk points and one piece of advice. The average value of the familiarity of each expert with drugs was>0. 60;the average value of judgment basis for each expert was>0. 70;the average value of authority for each expert was >0. 70. The number of survey indexes in round 1 was 63, the expert coordination coefficient was 0. 18. The number of survey indexes in round 2 was 59, experts coordination coefficient was 0. 24. The difference between the coordinate coefficient in the 2 rounds of experts consultation was statistically significant (χ2=516. 424, P<0. 05;χ2=721. 635, P<0. 05). Conclusion The list of high-alert medications for children in China was developed preliminarily and may be used as a tool to promote medication safety and reduce the risk of medication for children in China.

Objective To explore the expression of interleukin -17A(IL-17A),interleukin-10(IL-10), interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) in the maternal plasma , umbilical plasma , neonatal plasma from the pregnant women who accepted the Telbivudine for the prevention of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection .Methods 85 preg-nant women who were delivered in the hospital were chosen [ Telbivudine group 25 cases,HBVDNA high viral level group,HBVDNA negative group,non-infection group(health pregnant),each group included 20 cases].The level of the serum of IL-17A,IL-10,IL-6 in the maternal plasma,umbilical plasma,neonatal plasma from the different group was prospectively analyzed by the CBA method .Results The levels of IL-17A in the maternal plasma,um-bilical plasma,neonatal plasma of the Telbivudine group [(15.29 ±4.80)pg/mL,(19.45 ±4.80)pg/mL,(17.32 ± 4.18)pg/mL]were lower than the HBVDNA high viral level group [(26.03 ±4.88)pg/mL,(34.07 ±5.59)pg/mL, (24.12 ±4.76)pg/mL],there were significant differences(P=0.000,0.001,0.019);The level of IL -10 in the maternal plasma,umbilical plasma,neonatal plasma of the Telbivudine group [(6.08 ±1.32) pg/mL,(2.33 ± 0.68)pg/mL,(3.74 ±0.61)pg/mL]were higher than the HBVDNA high viral level group [(3.95 ±1.21)pg/mL, (1.71 ±0.53)pg/mL,(2.22 ±0.55)pg/mL],there were significant differences(P=0.023,0.015,0.012);The level of IL-6 in the maternal plasma ,umbilical plasma ,neonatal plasma of the Telbivudine group were lower than the HBVDNA high viral level group,there were significant differences (all P <0.05).Conclusion Telbivudine can cause the inhibition of the replication of HBV virus , partially reverse the immunologic dissonance of the pregnant women with HBV virus ,which is conducive to maintaining pregnancy .