Malignant tumors can be prevented, controlled, and cured. We could reduce the mortality of malignant tumor and improve prognosis of patients through screening and early detection and therapy. The prevention and control of malignant tumors in general population attach importance in China and series of blueprints and policies have been launched since last half a century. We have achieved remarkable progress in screening and early detection and therapy of malignant tumors with great support from government. We highlight the milestones of screening and early detection and therapy of malignant tumors in China and the organization and management of current national programs. We focus on the overview of eight malignant tumors included in current national screening programs. We summarize high quality evidence of screening of neoplasia in China. We reveal issues and challenges encountered in the practice currently and envisage where should we go in future for screening and early detection and therapy of tumors in China. We will further improve capacity of screening and early detection and therapy of tumor and promote action of prevention and control of tumor through implementation of policy of government leading, multiple cooperation, and involvement of whole society based on the guideline of prioritizing prevention, combining prevention and therapy, shifting forward of early detection, allocating the resource in low-income areas.

Malignant tumors can be prevented, controlled, and cured. We could reduce the mortality of malignant tumor and improve prognosis of patients through screening and early detection and therapy. The prevention and control of malignant tumors in general population attach importance in China and series of blueprints and policies have been launched since last half a century. We have achieved remarkable progress in screening and early detection and therapy of malignant tumors with great support from government. We highlight the milestones of screening and early detection and therapy of malignant tumors in China and the organization and management of current national programs. We focus on the overview of eight malignant tumors included in current national screening programs. We summarize high quality evidence of screening of neoplasia in China. We reveal issues and challenges encountered in the practice currently and envisage where should we go in future for screening and early detection and therapy of tumors in China. We will further improve capacity of screening and early detection and therapy of tumor and promote action of prevention and control of tumor through implementation of policy of government leading, multiple cooperation, and involvement of whole society based on the guideline of prioritizing prevention, combining prevention and therapy, shifting forward of early detection, allocating the resource in low-income areas.

Objective:To evaluate the associations of exposures in early-life with the risk of colorectal cancer(CRC)using the UK Biobank(UKB)data.Methods:A total of 462 253 participants from the UKB were included in this analysis.For each subject,self-reported exposures in early-life from the baseline data collected in 2006-2010,which included maternal smoking,single or multiple birth,birth weight,breastfeed as baby,comparative body size and height at age 10,relative age of first facial hair(for males)and age at menarche(for females),were extracted.The incident cases of CRC and all-cause deaths during the follow-up period up to December 31,2021 were further obtained.COX proportional hazards regression models were applied to evaluate the hazard ratio(HR)and 95%confidence interval(CI)of early-life exposures with the risk of CRC after adjusting for age,gender,race family history of CRC,body mass index,family income,and education level at baseline.Results:After adjustment for potential confounding,high birth weight(>4 kg),breastfeed as baby,comparative height at 10(shorter)and relative age at first facial hair(later)were associated with the risk of CRC,with an HR(95%CI)of 1.14(1.03-1.25),1.33(1.24-1.43),0.92(0.85-0.98)and 0.80(0.76-0.95),respectively.Several associations were found to be modified by lifestyle factors in adulthood.Conclusion:Our results indicated that the exposures in early-life,especially during adolescence,may contribute to the development of CRC.These results help to better understand the etiology and mechanisms of CRC,and provide evidence for decision making in CRC prevention.

Objective:To evaluate the associations of exposures in early-life with the risk of colorectal cancer(CRC)using the UK Biobank(UKB)data.Methods:A total of 462 253 participants from the UKB were included in this analysis.For each subject,self-reported exposures in early-life from the baseline data collected in 2006-2010,which included maternal smoking,single or multiple birth,birth weight,breastfeed as baby,comparative body size and height at age 10,relative age of first facial hair(for males)and age at menarche(for females),were extracted.The incident cases of CRC and all-cause deaths during the follow-up period up to December 31,2021 were further obtained.COX proportional hazards regression models were applied to evaluate the hazard ratio(HR)and 95%confidence interval(CI)of early-life exposures with the risk of CRC after adjusting for age,gender,race family history of CRC,body mass index,family income,and education level at baseline.Results:After adjustment for potential confounding,high birth weight(>4 kg),breastfeed as baby,comparative height at 10(shorter)and relative age at first facial hair(later)were associated with the risk of CRC,with an HR(95%CI)of 1.14(1.03-1.25),1.33(1.24-1.43),0.92(0.85-0.98)and 0.80(0.76-0.95),respectively.Several associations were found to be modified by lifestyle factors in adulthood.Conclusion:Our results indicated that the exposures in early-life,especially during adolescence,may contribute to the development of CRC.These results help to better understand the etiology and mechanisms of CRC,and provide evidence for decision making in CRC prevention.

Here, we took base construction of neurosurgery as example to discuss and analyze according to requirements and evaluation indexes of base construction in Xinqiao Hospital, and put forward the specific objectives, measures and implementations of base construction. Foremost, we summarized experiences and overcame shortcomings through interpreting and implementing scheme of our base construction, which would help to improve the construction of standardized residency training base in China.

Objective:To systematically understand the global research progress in the construction and validation of lung cancer risk prediction models.Methods:"lung neoplasms" , "lung cancer" , "lung carcinoma" , "lung tumor" , "risk" , "malignancy" , "carcinogenesis" , "prediction" , "assessment" , "model" , "tool" , "score" , "paradigm" , and "algorithm" were used as search keywords. Original articles were systematically searched from Chinese databases (CNKI, and Wanfang) and English databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science) published prior to December 2018. The language of studies was restricted to Chinese and English. The inclusion criteria were human oriented studies with complete information for model development, validation and evaluation. The exclusion criteria were informal publications such as conference abstracts, Chinese dissertation papers, and research materials such as reviews, letters, and news reports. A total of 33 papers involving 27 models were included. The population characteristics of all included studies, study design, predicting factors and the performance of models were analyzed and compared.Results:Among 27 models, the number of American-based, European-based and Asian-based model studies was 12, 6 and 9, respectively. In addition, there were 6 Chinese-based model studies. According to the factors fitted into the models, these studies could be divided into traditional epidemiological models (11 studies), clinical index models (6 studies), and genetic index models (10 studies). 15 models were not validated after construction or were cross-validated only in the internal population, and the extrapolation effect of models was not effectively evaluated; 8 models were validated in single external population; only 4 models were verified in multiple external populations (3-7); the area under the curve (AUC) of models ranged from 0.57 to 0.90.Conclusion:Research on risk prediction models for lung cancer is in development stage. In addition to the lack of external validation of existing models, the exploration of potential clinical indicators was also limited.

Objective:To develop a lung cancer risk prediction model for female non-smokers.Methods:Based on the Kailuan prospective dynamic cohort (2006.05-2015.12), a nested case-control study was conducted. Participants diagnosed with primary pathologically confirmed lung cancer during follow-up were identified as the case group, and others were identified as the control group. A total of 24 701 subjects were included in the study, including 86 lung cancer cases and 24 615 control population, respectively. Questionnaires, physical examinations, and laboratory tests were conducted to collect relevant information. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regressions were conducted to develop a lung cancer risk prediction model. Area Under the Curve (AUC) and Hosmer-Lemeshow tests were used to evaluate discrimination and calibration, respectively. Ten-fold cross-validation was used for internal validation.Results:Two sets of models were developed: the simple model (including age and monthly income) and the metabolic index model [including age, monthly income, fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)].The AUC (95%CI) [0.745 (0.719-0.771)] of the metabolic index model was higher than that of the simple prediction model [0.688 (0.660-0.716)] ( P=0.004). Both the simple model ( PHL=0.287) and the metabolic index model ( PHL=0.134) were well-calibrated. The results of ten-fold cross-validation indicated sufficient stability, with an average AUC of 0.699 and a standard error (SD) of 0.010. Conclusion:By incorporating metabolic markers, accurate and reliable lung cancer risk prediction model for female non smokers could be developed.

Objective:To systematically understand the global research progress in the construction and validation of lung cancer risk prediction models.Methods:"lung neoplasms" , "lung cancer" , "lung carcinoma" , "lung tumor" , "risk" , "malignancy" , "carcinogenesis" , "prediction" , "assessment" , "model" , "tool" , "score" , "paradigm" , and "algorithm" were used as search keywords. Original articles were systematically searched from Chinese databases (CNKI, and Wanfang) and English databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science) published prior to December 2018. The language of studies was restricted to Chinese and English. The inclusion criteria were human oriented studies with complete information for model development, validation and evaluation. The exclusion criteria were informal publications such as conference abstracts, Chinese dissertation papers, and research materials such as reviews, letters, and news reports. A total of 33 papers involving 27 models were included. The population characteristics of all included studies, study design, predicting factors and the performance of models were analyzed and compared.Results:Among 27 models, the number of American-based, European-based and Asian-based model studies was 12, 6 and 9, respectively. In addition, there were 6 Chinese-based model studies. According to the factors fitted into the models, these studies could be divided into traditional epidemiological models (11 studies), clinical index models (6 studies), and genetic index models (10 studies). 15 models were not validated after construction or were cross-validated only in the internal population, and the extrapolation effect of models was not effectively evaluated; 8 models were validated in single external population; only 4 models were verified in multiple external populations (3-7); the area under the curve (AUC) of models ranged from 0.57 to 0.90.Conclusion:Research on risk prediction models for lung cancer is in development stage. In addition to the lack of external validation of existing models, the exploration of potential clinical indicators was also limited.

Objective:To develop a lung cancer risk prediction model for female non-smokers.Methods:Based on the Kailuan prospective dynamic cohort (2006.05-2015.12), a nested case-control study was conducted. Participants diagnosed with primary pathologically confirmed lung cancer during follow-up were identified as the case group, and others were identified as the control group. A total of 24 701 subjects were included in the study, including 86 lung cancer cases and 24 615 control population, respectively. Questionnaires, physical examinations, and laboratory tests were conducted to collect relevant information. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regressions were conducted to develop a lung cancer risk prediction model. Area Under the Curve (AUC) and Hosmer-Lemeshow tests were used to evaluate discrimination and calibration, respectively. Ten-fold cross-validation was used for internal validation.Results:Two sets of models were developed: the simple model (including age and monthly income) and the metabolic index model [including age, monthly income, fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)].The AUC (95%CI) [0.745 (0.719-0.771)] of the metabolic index model was higher than that of the simple prediction model [0.688 (0.660-0.716)] ( P=0.004). Both the simple model ( PHL=0.287) and the metabolic index model ( PHL=0.134) were well-calibrated. The results of ten-fold cross-validation indicated sufficient stability, with an average AUC of 0.699 and a standard error (SD) of 0.010. Conclusion:By incorporating metabolic markers, accurate and reliable lung cancer risk prediction model for female non smokers could be developed.

Objective To compare the clinical effect of laparoscopic and open umbilical hernia repair for adult umbilicalhernia.Methods Eighty-threepatients with adult umbilical hernia admitted to People's Hospital of Beijing Daxing District from Feb.2008 to Jan.2017 were randomly divided into laparoscopic umbilical hernia repair group (n =38) and open umbilical hernia repair group (n =45).Patients in laparoscopic umbilical hernia repair group accepted laparoscopic umbilical hernia repair with intraperitoneal onlay mesh (n =38),while patients in open umbilical hernia repair group accepted traditional umbilical hernia repairtreatment.Operation time,hospital stay,blood loss,seroma/hematoma formation,wound infection,incomplete bowel obstruction and recurrence were compared between the two groups with the software of SPSS 22.0.The outpatient consultation was performed at 2 weeks,1 month,3 months,and 6 months after operation.The follow-up contents were wound condition,pain,and whether there were any masses in the umbilicus.After every 3 months of telephone follow-up or outpatient review,whether there were any masses in the umbilicus,the average follow-up time was 14 months.Results All operations were successfully completed.The operation time of laparoscopic umbilical hernia repair group was shorter than open umbilical hernia repair group [(31 ± 8) min vs (48 ± 10) min,P ＜ 0.01],and hospital stay were significantly shortened in laparoscopic umbilical hernia repair group (P ＜ 0.05).The amount of bleeding of the laparoscopic umbilical hernia repair group decreased significantly than open umbilical hernia repair group [(40 ± 18) ml vs (62 ± 25) ml,P ＜ 0.01].The postoperative painof the laparoscopic umbilical hernia repair group was mild than open umbilical hernia repair group (P ＜ 0.05).The postoperative complications include seroma,wound infection and incomplete bowel obstruction.There were no significant differences between the two groups of seroma,incision infection and recurrence (P ＞ 0.05).The difference of the incidence of incomplete bowel obstruction between the two groups was statistically significant (P =0.019) . The total postoperative complication rate was significantly lower in laparoscopic umbilical hernia repair group than in open umbilical hernia repair group(x2 =5.328,P =0.021).Conclusions Laparoscopic umbilical hernia repair has short operation time,less bleeding,and satisfactory postoperative pain.It is worthy of advocacy for umbilical hernia patients who can tolerate general anesthesia.