In December 2025， American Gastroenterological Association released the expert review of clinical practice update on the management of ascites， volume overload， and hyponatremia in cirrhosis. The expert review proposes 13 best practice recommendations based on available evidence. This article gives an excerpt of the main recommendations from the expert review.

BACKGROUND:It has also been confirmed that ferroptosis is closely related to a variety of musculoskeletal diseases,such as rheumatoid arthritis,osteosarcoma,and osteoporosis.The pathophysiological mechanisms of ferroptosis and osteoporosis need to be further studied and elucidated to broaden our understanding of iron metabolism and osteoporosis.It will provide research ideas for the future elucidation of new mechanisms of osteoporosis and the development of new technologies and drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis. OBJECTIVE:To provide an overview of the current status of research on ferroptosis in osteoporosis,to provide a new direction for future research on the specific molecular mechanisms of osteoporosis,and to provide more effective and better options for osteoporosis treatment strategies. METHODS:The first author used the computer to search the literature published from 2000 to 2024 in CNKI,WanFang,VIP,and PubMed databases with search terms"ferroptosis,iron metabolism,osteoporosis,osteoblast,osteoclast,bone metabolism,signal pathway,musculoskeletal,review"in Chinese and English.A total of 68 articles were finally included according to the selection criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Ferroptosis is a new type of cell death discovered in recent years,which is usually accompanied by a large amount of iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation during cell death,and its occurrence is iron-dependent.This is distinctly different from several types of cell death that are currently being hotly studied(e.g.,cellular pyroptosis,necrotic apoptosis,cuproptosis,and autophagy).(2)Intracellular iron homeostasis is manifested as a balance between iron uptake,export,utilization,and storage.The body's iron regulatory system includes systemic and intracellular regulation.The main factor of systemic regulation is hepcidin produced by hepatic secretion,and cellular regulation depends on the iron regulatory protein/iron response element system.Of course,intracellular iron homeostasis can be controlled by other factors,such as hypoxia,cytokines,and hormones.(3)Lipid peroxidation causes oxidative damage to biological membranes(plasma membrane and internal organelle membranes),lipoproteins,and other lipid-containing molecules.Polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing phospholipids are important targets of lipid peroxidation.Free polyunsaturated fatty acid is an important substrate for lipid oxidation and can bind to the phospholipid bilayer,leading to over-oxidation and thus triggering lipid apoptosis.(4)Several studies have shown that osteoblasts are overloaded with iron in different ways,resulting in the accumulation of unstable ferrous iron and the generation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxides,causing ferroptosis of osteoblasts and ultimately a decrease in bone formation,affecting bone homeostasis and the development of osteoporosis.(5)Osteoclasts are large multinucleated cells formed by the fusion of mononuclear macrophage cell lines or bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells induced by nuclear factor-κB ligand receptor activator,and they have the function of bone resorption.Iron ions can promote osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption through the production of intracellular lipid reactive oxygen species,while iron chelators can inhibit osteoclast formation in vitro and thus affect the occurrence and development of osteoporosis.

BACKGROUND:We have successfully isolated and cultured neonatal mouse cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons in vitro,but there is no study that reports an effective method for isolating and culturing high-purity adult mouse cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons.There is no study on whether the self-renewal ability of cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons changes with age.OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for isolating and culturing high-purity adult mouse cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons in vitro,and to characterize the self-renewal ability of adult mouse cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons and neonatal mouse cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons in vitro.METHODS:Primary cells containing cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons were isolated from the cervical medulla of adult mouse (3 months of age) in adherent culture and transfected with lentivirus fused with multimodal imaging genes.High-purity adult mouse cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons were obtained by puromycin screening in suspension culture in complete medium.The expression of neural stem cell markers Nestin and SOX2 was detected by immunofluorescence in adult mouse cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons,and the ability of adult mouse cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons to form spheres and pass on in vitro was observed.An equal number (5×103/mL) of passage 3 adult mouse and neonatal mouse cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons were divided into two groups under the same conditions and inoculated into ultra-low adhesion plates containing complete medium in suspension culture at 5％ CO2,37℃ thermostat,respectively.The self-renewal capacity of adult mouse and neonatal mouse cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons was characterized by in vitro spheroid formation,CCK8 assay,qPCR,and western blot assay.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) High-purity cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons were successfully isolated from adult mouse,which expressed Nestin and SOX2 in vitro,and were able to form neurospheres and pass on continuously.(2) The in vitro self-renewal ability of cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons in adult mouse was significantly weaker than that of neonatal mouse,and the neurospheres formed by day 4 of cell culture in neonatal mouse were about 150 μm in diameter,whereas the neurospheres formed by adult mouse tactile neurons were only 40 μm in diameter (P<0.0001).(3) CCK8 proliferation assay showed that the proliferative activity of adult mouse cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons was significantly weaker than that of neonatal mouse at all time points after culture (P<0.0001).(4) qPCR and western blot assay revealed that the mRNA (P<0.0001) and protein expression levels (P<0.01) of Nestin and SOX2 in cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons of adult mouse were significantly decreased compared with those of neonatal mouse.(5) The above results indicated that the self-renewal ability of cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons in adult mouse was significantly weaker than that of neonatal mouse in vitro.

BACKGROUND:Studies have indicated that long noncoding RNAs play a crucial role in the pathogenesis and progression of osteoporosis.Thus,it is essential to comprehend the current research status,hotspots,and developmental trajectories of long noncoding RNAs in the field of osteoporosis research.OBJECTIVE:To explore the research status,development trends,and hotspots in the field of osteoporosis-related long noncoding RNAs by conducting bibliometric statistics and visualization analysis of the relevant literature.METHODS:Using the search string"(TS=(Osteoporosis OR Osteoporoses)AND TS=(Long non coding RNA OR LncRNA OR Lnc RNA OR Long noncoding RNA)),"a subject term search was conducted in the Web of Science Core Collection database for articles published from January 2015 to September 2024.After manual filtering of the obtained raw data,visualization analysis of authors,institutions,countries,and keywords was performed using Cite Space 6.2.R4 software and Microsoft 365(Office).RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:A total of 265 articles were included from the Web of Science Core Collection database.Since 2015,there has been an overall upward trend in the number of publications in this field,with China being the leading country in terms of publication volume and research centrality,while Beihang University holds the highest institutional centrality.After keywords directly related to the article's theme were excluded,the terms"osteogenic differentiation,""expression,""bone formation,"and"mesenchymal stem cells"emerged as core topics based on co-occurrence frequency and centrality.A comprehensive analysis of the keyword cluster map,keyword burst map,and keyword timeline map reveals that investigating the mechanisms by which long non-coding RNAs influence the formation and differentiation of osteoblasts,as well as the differentiation of osteoclasts and bone resorption,constitutes both a current research hotspot and a future research trend in this field.

BACKGROUND:We have successfully isolated and cultured neonatal mouse cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons in vitro,but there is no study that reports an effective method for isolating and culturing high-purity adult mouse cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons.There is no study on whether the self-renewal ability of cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons changes with age.OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for isolating and culturing high-purity adult mouse cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons in vitro,and to characterize the self-renewal ability of adult mouse cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons and neonatal mouse cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons in vitro.METHODS:Primary cells containing cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons were isolated from the cervical medulla of adult mouse (3 months of age) in adherent culture and transfected with lentivirus fused with multimodal imaging genes.High-purity adult mouse cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons were obtained by puromycin screening in suspension culture in complete medium.The expression of neural stem cell markers Nestin and SOX2 was detected by immunofluorescence in adult mouse cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons,and the ability of adult mouse cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons to form spheres and pass on in vitro was observed.An equal number (5×103/mL) of passage 3 adult mouse and neonatal mouse cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons were divided into two groups under the same conditions and inoculated into ultra-low adhesion plates containing complete medium in suspension culture at 5％ CO2,37℃ thermostat,respectively.The self-renewal capacity of adult mouse and neonatal mouse cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons was characterized by in vitro spheroid formation,CCK8 assay,qPCR,and western blot assay.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) High-purity cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons were successfully isolated from adult mouse,which expressed Nestin and SOX2 in vitro,and were able to form neurospheres and pass on continuously.(2) The in vitro self-renewal ability of cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons in adult mouse was significantly weaker than that of neonatal mouse,and the neurospheres formed by day 4 of cell culture in neonatal mouse were about 150 μm in diameter,whereas the neurospheres formed by adult mouse tactile neurons were only 40 μm in diameter (P<0.0001).(3) CCK8 proliferation assay showed that the proliferative activity of adult mouse cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons was significantly weaker than that of neonatal mouse at all time points after culture (P<0.0001).(4) qPCR and western blot assay revealed that the mRNA (P<0.0001) and protein expression levels (P<0.01) of Nestin and SOX2 in cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons of adult mouse were significantly decreased compared with those of neonatal mouse.(5) The above results indicated that the self-renewal ability of cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons in adult mouse was significantly weaker than that of neonatal mouse in vitro.

BACKGROUND:Studies have indicated that long noncoding RNAs play a crucial role in the pathogenesis and progression of osteoporosis.Thus,it is essential to comprehend the current research status,hotspots,and developmental trajectories of long noncoding RNAs in the field of osteoporosis research.OBJECTIVE:To explore the research status,development trends,and hotspots in the field of osteoporosis-related long noncoding RNAs by conducting bibliometric statistics and visualization analysis of the relevant literature.METHODS:Using the search string"(TS=(Osteoporosis OR Osteoporoses)AND TS=(Long non coding RNA OR LncRNA OR Lnc RNA OR Long noncoding RNA)),"a subject term search was conducted in the Web of Science Core Collection database for articles published from January 2015 to September 2024.After manual filtering of the obtained raw data,visualization analysis of authors,institutions,countries,and keywords was performed using Cite Space 6.2.R4 software and Microsoft 365(Office).RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:A total of 265 articles were included from the Web of Science Core Collection database.Since 2015,there has been an overall upward trend in the number of publications in this field,with China being the leading country in terms of publication volume and research centrality,while Beihang University holds the highest institutional centrality.After keywords directly related to the article's theme were excluded,the terms"osteogenic differentiation,""expression,""bone formation,"and"mesenchymal stem cells"emerged as core topics based on co-occurrence frequency and centrality.A comprehensive analysis of the keyword cluster map,keyword burst map,and keyword timeline map reveals that investigating the mechanisms by which long non-coding RNAs influence the formation and differentiation of osteoblasts,as well as the differentiation of osteoclasts and bone resorption,constitutes both a current research hotspot and a future research trend in this field.

Objective:To explore the correlation between bolus of different viscosity and swallowing physiological components,as well as penetration and aspiration,in patients with dysphagia after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Method:Total 67 patients with dysphagia after NPCR were evaluated by videofluoroscop.They were required to swallow 5 ml bolus per mouth,in the order of medium-low-zero-high consistency.Modified barium swal-low impairment profile(MBSImP)and penetration-aspiration scale(PAS)were used for semi-quantitative analysis.Result:Wide probability ranges(＞0.2)can be observed between different swallowing tasks for 7 physiologi-cal components:oral residue,initiation of pharyngeal swallow,laryngeal elevation,laryngeal vestibular clo-sure,pharyngeal contraction,tongue base retraction,and pharyngeal residue.The risk of penetration and aspira-tion increased with lower viscosity.There was a significant positive correlation between the penetration aspira-tion scale and epiglottic movement,laryngeal vestibular closure,bolus transpor,initiation of pharyngeal swal-low and tongue base retraction.Conclusion:The performance of swallowing physiological components in patients with dysphagia after NPCR are closely related to the viscosity of the bolus being swallowed.

Malignant tumors can be prevented, controlled, and cured. We could reduce the mortality of malignant tumor and improve prognosis of patients through screening and early detection and therapy. The prevention and control of malignant tumors in general population attach importance in China and series of blueprints and policies have been launched since last half a century. We have achieved remarkable progress in screening and early detection and therapy of malignant tumors with great support from government. We highlight the milestones of screening and early detection and therapy of malignant tumors in China and the organization and management of current national programs. We focus on the overview of eight malignant tumors included in current national screening programs. We summarize high quality evidence of screening of neoplasia in China. We reveal issues and challenges encountered in the practice currently and envisage where should we go in future for screening and early detection and therapy of tumors in China. We will further improve capacity of screening and early detection and therapy of tumor and promote action of prevention and control of tumor through implementation of policy of government leading, multiple cooperation, and involvement of whole society based on the guideline of prioritizing prevention, combining prevention and therapy, shifting forward of early detection, allocating the resource in low-income areas.

Objective:To explore the correlation between bolus of different viscosity and swallowing physiological components,as well as penetration and aspiration,in patients with dysphagia after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Method:Total 67 patients with dysphagia after NPCR were evaluated by videofluoroscop.They were required to swallow 5 ml bolus per mouth,in the order of medium-low-zero-high consistency.Modified barium swal-low impairment profile(MBSImP)and penetration-aspiration scale(PAS)were used for semi-quantitative analysis.Result:Wide probability ranges(＞0.2)can be observed between different swallowing tasks for 7 physiologi-cal components:oral residue,initiation of pharyngeal swallow,laryngeal elevation,laryngeal vestibular clo-sure,pharyngeal contraction,tongue base retraction,and pharyngeal residue.The risk of penetration and aspira-tion increased with lower viscosity.There was a significant positive correlation between the penetration aspira-tion scale and epiglottic movement,laryngeal vestibular closure,bolus transpor,initiation of pharyngeal swal-low and tongue base retraction.Conclusion:The performance of swallowing physiological components in patients with dysphagia after NPCR are closely related to the viscosity of the bolus being swallowed.

Malignant tumors can be prevented, controlled, and cured. We could reduce the mortality of malignant tumor and improve prognosis of patients through screening and early detection and therapy. The prevention and control of malignant tumors in general population attach importance in China and series of blueprints and policies have been launched since last half a century. We have achieved remarkable progress in screening and early detection and therapy of malignant tumors with great support from government. We highlight the milestones of screening and early detection and therapy of malignant tumors in China and the organization and management of current national programs. We focus on the overview of eight malignant tumors included in current national screening programs. We summarize high quality evidence of screening of neoplasia in China. We reveal issues and challenges encountered in the practice currently and envisage where should we go in future for screening and early detection and therapy of tumors in China. We will further improve capacity of screening and early detection and therapy of tumor and promote action of prevention and control of tumor through implementation of policy of government leading, multiple cooperation, and involvement of whole society based on the guideline of prioritizing prevention, combining prevention and therapy, shifting forward of early detection, allocating the resource in low-income areas.