Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of different cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) combined with endocrine therapy (ET) for the treatment of hormone receptor-positive (HR+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2−) advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on CDK4/6i for the treatment of HR+/HER2− metastatic or advanced breast cancer were retrieved from databases including PubMed, EMbase, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and SinoMed, with the search period ranging from database inception to August 2023. Bayesian network meta-analysis was conducted using R 4.2.0 software. Results A total of 18 RCTs from 25 articles, involving 8 031 patients and 11 treatment regimens, were included. There was no significant difference in progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS) among different CDK4/6i+ET combinations. The highest cumulative probability for PFS was observed with dalpiciclib (DAL)+fulvestrant (FUL), while ribociclib (RIB)+FUL ranked first for OS. In terms of efficacy, abemaciclib (ABE)+aromatase inhibitors (AI) and ABE+FUL ranked first in objective response rate and clinical benefit rate, respectively. Regarding safety, statistically significant difference in grade 3-4 adverse events was observed among certain types of CDK4/6i (P<0.05). Conclusion Current evidence suggests that CDK4/6i+ET is superior to ET alone for the treatment of HR+/HER2− advanced/metastatic breast cancer. Different CDK4/6i+ET combinations demonstrate comparable or similar efficacy; however, the incidence of adverse reactions is higher with combination therapy. Treatment regimens should be selected based on individual conditions.

Objective To establish a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method for the quantitative detection of Chromogranin A (CHGA) in saliva, and to explore its preliminary application in the testing of saliva samples. Methods Recombinant human CHGA protein was used to immunize BALB/c mice, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were prepared and screened using conventional hybridoma technology. A double-antibody sandwich ELISA detection method was constructed, and the matrix effect of saliva samples was optimized. This method was then applied to detect the concentration of CHGA in the saliva of stressed individuals. Results Twenty-one stable hybridoma cell lines secreting high affinity anti-human CHGA antibodies were obtained. A pair of detection antibodies with the best effect was selected, and the optimal coating concentration was determined to be 10 μg/mL, with the optimal dilution of detection antibodies being 1:32 000. The accuracy and reproducibility of this method were verified, with both intra-batch and inter-batch variation coefficients less than 15×, and the recovery rate between 80× and 120×. The matrix effect was further optimized to make it suitable for saliva sample detection. Saliva samples from individuals in different stress states were collected, and the CHGA levels were detected using the method established in this study, indicating its potential to reflect the intensity of stress. Conclusion A reliable saliva CHGA ELISA detection method has been successfully established, and its potential as a biomarker in stress-related research has been preliminarily explored.
Saliva/metabolism* ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods* ; Humans ; Animals ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice ; Chromogranin A/immunology* ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology* ; Female ; Male ; Reproducibility of Results ; Adult

Objective:To explore the employment experiences of coordinators of In-Hospital Organ Procurement Organization (OPO).Methods:Based on purpose sampling, 12 full-time In-Hospital OPO coordinators in Chongqing City were recruited from July to December 2020. A semi-structured and in-depth interview was performed and the data was analyzed by Colaizzi.Results:4 first-level themes were extracted, including professional identity process, negative emotional experience, improvement of professional practice competence and job expectancy. 12 second-level themes were identified including career expectations and identity confusion, professional values, shortage of respect and ratification, huge workloads, great psychological pressure, influence of the bereaved families, enhancement of the ability to communicate, improvement of problem-solving ability, improvement of team-work ability, optimization of scenario simulation, a perfection of the assessment system, a clear career path.Conclusions:In-Hospital OPO coordinators are lack of professional awareness in an initial stage. While feeling a sense of professional value, they also experience some negative emotions. Furthermore, their competences are improved in practice and they, meanwhile, express a strong desire for career development. It is suggested that the administrators could explore establishment of academic education, enhancement of psychological and social support, creation of pretty working environments and improvement of training, assessment and promotion systems to facilitate the career development of coordinators.

Objective:To differentiate the methamphetamine users according to the developmental stages of addictive behavior, and explore the characteristics of different stages in order to provid a theoretical reference for our clinical intervention.Methods:Take the male methamphetamine users in compulsory detoxification institute whom were admitted from September 2018 to December 2019 as research objects.All the objects were asked to complete clinical diagnosis, interview and questionnaire evaluation in one week.According to the developmental stages of addictive behavior, the subjects were divided into occasional use group ( n=51), regular use group ( n=95) and compulsive use group ( n=157).All subjects were evaluated using visual analogue scale(VAS), Barrett impulsiveness scale(BIS)and CogState scale.SPSS 20.0 software was used for statistical analysis, AVOVA or Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for group comparison.Multiple Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the factors associated with the development of addictive behavior. Results:(1)The compulsive use group had higher cumulative duration(24(8, 48), 12(4, 24), 22(10, 36)), average dose(6.6±3.8, 2.8±1.4, 4.5±3.4) and craving score(1(0, 5), 0(0, 1), 1(0, 3)) than the other two groups(all P<0.05).And individuals in compulsive use group had more previous heroin use experience(20.4%, 9.8%, 14.8%, P<0.05).The regular use group had more withdrawal times than the other two groups(1(1, 3), 1(0, 1), 1(1, 2), P<0.05).The total scores of Barrett impulsiveness scale(42.8±13.3, 34.5±13.6, 36.1±14.9) and the scores in all dimensions in the compulsive use group were significantly higher than those in the other two groups(motor impulsiveness: 37.5±15.8, 27.8±13.4, 29.2±17.8; attentional impulsiveness: 43.2±18.0, 39.4±17.0, 37.2±18.1; non-planning impulsiveness: 47.2±19.8, 38.8±18.7, 40.7±20.8; P<0.05) .In the compulsive use users, the ISL(16.50±4.87, 19.30±4.78, 18.33±4.91) and SEC(0.76±0.21, 0.89±0.22, 0.81±0.21) scores about cognitive assessment were significantly lower than other two groups(both P<0.05).(2)The results of multiple Logistic regression analysis showed that cumulative duration ( β=0.022, OR=1.022, 95% CI: 1.003-1.042), dosage( β=0.625, OR=1.869, 95% CI: 1.196-2.921), craving ( β=0.194, OR=1.214, 95% CI: 1.002-1.215), the total scores of Barrett impulse scale( β=0.036, OR=1.037, 95% CI: 1.013-1.061), scores of non-planning impulsiveness( β=0.040, OR=1.041, 95% CI: 1.004-1.038), scores of motor impulsiveness( β=0.033, OR=1.214, 95% CI: 1.001-1.068) were associated with the periodic grouping of addictions. Conclusions:Addictive behavior is a progressive process and methamphetamine users at different stages have different characteristics in substance use, impulsiveness and cognitive function.The development of addictive behavior is associated with the time, dosage and craving of substance use, as well as the personality impulsivity of users.And the compulsive users suffered more cognitive impairment than the other two groups. The methamphetamine users should be identified dynamically and targeted therapeutic intervention measures should be carried out to block the addictive process to achieve the goal of harm reduction.

In the field of medical education, Ethiopia has made a great progress in recent years. After systematical inquiry of Ethiopia's clinical medical education, this paper elaborates the mode of undergraduate teaching in Ethiopia from aspects of curriculum design, emphasis of contents, teaching methods and assessment methods, and also introduces the development and continuing education of Ethiopian medical students after graduation. Moreover, the "Innovative Track" clinical medical education reform proposed by Ethiopia recently is introduced as well. Therefore, characteristics and advantages of clinical teaching in Ethiopia indicate that in the process of deepening the medical education reform in China, we should learn from different countries. In this way, the development of medical education in China can be promoted better and faster.

Objective:To study the clinical characteristics and compliance of early-onset gout patients by case-control analysis.Methods:A total of 111 early-onset patients (onset age ≤35 years old) were included as Group A, and 111 non-early-onset patients (onset age >35 years old) with matched disease durationwere included as Group B. The differences ofclinical characteristics, causes of acute gout attack, dairy diet habits, compliance, and misunderstanding of the disease were compared.Results:Compared with the non-early-onsetgoutpatients, the early-onset patients had a higher proportion of obesity (63 cases vs 28 cases), family history (36 cases vs 20 cases) and tophus (39 cases vs 23 cases) and higher level of VAS scores (8.5±1.3 vs 7.6±1.7; χ2=22.988, P<0.01; χ2=5.749, P=0.016; χ2=5.729, P=0.017; t=4.639, P<0.01), lowerproportionof the first metatarsophalangeal joint involvement as the initial joint involvement (45.9%, 51 cases vs 59.4%, 66 cases; χ2=4.066, P=0.044), higher proportion of the ankle involvement as the initial joint involvement (34.2%, 38 cases vs 21.6%, 24 cases; χ2=4.386, P=0.036), higher proportion of alcohol drinkers and high fructose drinkers, which was more likely to relate to alcohol intake, strenuous exercise and high fructose intakeas trigger of the flare ( χ2=6.513, P=0.011; χ2=7.126, P=0.008; χ2=1.978, P=0.160), while the proportion of regular exercisers and on diet in the family was lower ( χ2=22.887, P<0.01; t=-4.917, P<0.01). The proportion of poor diet and medication compliance in Group A was higher than that in Group B(57.7%, 64 cases vs 38.7%, 43 cases; χ2=5.207, P=0.022; χ2=5.867, P=0.015). As for the reason for poor treatment compliance, early-onset gout patients were more worry about the side-effects of drugs than non-early onset patients ( χ2=4.190, P=0.041). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the main misunderstanding of gout. Conclusion:Although early onset gout patients are young, their condition is more serious, and compliance is poorer, this group of patients should be highly valued in clinical diagnosis and treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the toxic effects of four different kinds of aluminum compounds in rat adrenal-derived pheochromocytoma cell PC12. METHODS: PC12 cells at logarithmic growth phase were treated with four different kinds of aluminum compounds: aluminum maltolate( concentration was 0. 0,0. 1,0. 2,0. 4,0. 8 mmol / L),aluminum chloride( concentration was 0. 0,1. 0,2. 0,4. 0,8. 0 mmol/L),aluminum citrate( concentration was 0. 0,1. 0,2. 0,4. 0,8. 0mmol / L) and aluminum lactate( concentration was 0. 0,2. 0,4. 0,8. 0,16. 0 mmol / L) for 24 hours,respectively. The cell viability was determined with CCK-8 assay,and the apoptotic rate was detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS: All of the aluminum compounds suppressed the cell viability and increased apoptosis( P < 0. 01). Most of the effects were in a dose dependent manner. Comparing with the control,the minimum effective concentration of aluminum maltolate,aluminium chloride,aluminum citrate and aluminum lactate were 0. 2,2. 0,2. 0 and 4. 0 mmol / L,respectively,in cell viability( P < 0. 05); and 0. 1,2. 0,1. 0 and 2. 0 mmol/L in cell apoptosis( P < 0. 05). The 24 hours 50% inhibitory concentration of the above four aluminum compounds were( 0. 45 ± 0. 01),( 4. 02 ± 0. 39),( 5. 37 ± 0. 88) and( 6. 31 ±0. 58) mmol / L,respectively. CONCLUSION: Treatment of all four aluminum compounds had reduced cell viability and increased the percentage of cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner in PC12 cells. The best dose-response relation was observed in aluminum maltolate treatment group,and a relatively low dose of it was required in in-vitro toxicology study.Therefore,aluminum maltolate posed to be better reagent than the other three for in-vitro aluminum toxicity study.

Magnetic susceptibility is an intrinsic physical quantity which describes the relationship between material magnetization and applied external magnetic field. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is an MRI technology which can quantify the buck magnetic susceptibility of tissue in vivo. It is particularly effective at elucidating anatomy with paramagnetic or diamagnetic components. QSM technology is a method for solving the ill-pose problem of unconventional de-convolution of the measured tissue magnetic field with the unit magnetic dipole field to obtain the susceptibility source map. Many multi orientation scan based QSM and clinically acceptable single orientation QSM methods have been proposed to solve this ill-posed problem. In this paper, the QSM concept is introduced and the various QSM methods are systematically categorized and discussed. The aim of this paper is to summarize the current research progress of QSM, popularize the knowledge of QSM and promote the improvements and the rational application of QSM in clinical field.
Humans ; Magnetic Fields ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; trends ; Magnetics

Objective Discussion leukoreduction of red blood cells suspended in two different storage bag placement and he-molysis rate impact on the supernatant free hemoglobin (FHb),to ensure the clinical transfusion is safe and effective.Meth-ods Selected 20 donors to sample 400 ml whole blood per person to make leukodepleted red blood cells,which were evenly divided into 10 bags.The 10 bags were randomly divided into two groups,one to the upright position,one group of horizon-tal.The two groups were stored under the same conditions.Respectively,in the 7,14,21,28,35 day,randomly removed one storage bag from each group,FHb and red blood cell hemolysis rate were measured and analyzed statistically.Results FHb and hemolysis rate results stored in the first 21 days of testing,uprightgroup were (217.310±48.477)mg/L and (0.250± 0.056)%,respectively horizontal group (173.972±39.027)mg/L and (0.189±0.045)%,the results set upright than hori-zontal group,the results were statistically(t=3.114,P =0.003<0.05 and t=3.798,P =0.001<0.05),the difference was statistically significant.Conclusion In the blood storage period,storage bags can be placed horizontally to reduce the de-struction of red blood cells,blood storage is more favorable.

OBJECTIVETo analyze the clinical characteristics and diagnosis of 2 cases with chylothorax due to primary lymphatic dysplasia and to elevate pediatrician's recognition level for this disease.

METHODClinical manifestations of the children were retrospectively analyzed. Primary lymphatic dysplasia was diagnosed by lymphoscintigraphy.

RESULTThe first patient was a male aged 2-year-7-month who presented with a history of tachypnea for 43 days, fever and sore throat for 5 days at the early stage of the illness. He had a history of external injury before his illness. Physical examination showed his left chest bulging and left side diminished breath sound. His pleural effusion showed dark red (It was divided into two layers after standing, the upper layer turned into milky white, and the lower turned into hemorrhagic liquid) . White blood cell (WBC) count was 9 000×10(6)/L, mononuclear cell was 0.9, polykaryocytes was 0.1, triglyceride was 12.37 mmol/L in the pleural effusion. Contrast-enhanced lung CT (revascularization) showed pericardial effusion and a massive left sided pleural effusion. The second patient was a male aged 9 years and 6 months, who presented with a history of cough for 24 days, intermittent fever, vomiting, abdominal pain for 19 days, and edema of lower limbs for 4 days. Physical examination showed edema in both eyelids, lower extremities and scrotum. The level of albumin was 14 g/L and the titer of Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgM was 1: 320 in the serum. His hydrothorax pleural effusion showed milk white. White blood cell (WBC) count was 74×10(6)/L, mononuclear cell was 0.78, polykaryocytes was 0.22, triglyceride was 1.01 mmol/L in the pleural effusion. Chyle test showed positive in his pleural effusion and seroperitoneum. High-resolution CT of the lung revealed bilateral interstitial and parenchymal infiltration and both sided pleural effusion. Abdominal ultrasound showed giant hypertrophy of the gastric mucosa and massive ascites. Gastroscopy showed giant hypertrophy of the gastric mucosa. Lymphoscintigraphy revealed primary lymphatic dysplasia in both children.

CONCLUSIONPrimary lymphatic dysplasia might occur in children and result in dropsy of serous cavity (chylothorax, chylopericardium, chylous ascites). Dropsy of serous cavity showed bloody or milk white. WBC count might elevate with lymphocyte increasing mostly, triglyceride was often higher than 1.0 mmol/L in dropsy of serous cavity. Primary lymphatic dysplasia can be diagnosed by lymphoscintigraphy.

Child ; Child, Preschool ; Chylothorax ; diagnosis ; etiology ; pathology ; Humans ; Leukocyte Count ; Lymphatic Abnormalities ; complications ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Lymphoscintigraphy ; Male ; Pericardial Effusion ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Pleural Effusion ; diagnosis ; etiology ; pathology ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed