Objective:To summarize the main practices and experiences of the Centers for Medicare&Medicaid Services in the US.to pay for artificial intelligence(AI),which can provide references for the formulation of health insurance payment policies in China.Methods:Based on the literature study,it systematically analyzed the payment mechanism and typical cases of AI pay-ment in the US.Results:The US.has established four payment mechanisms for AI used in inpatient,outpatient and physician ser-vices,and set clear criteria for inclusion and payment,which has facilitated the clinical use of AI.Conclusion:It is suggested that China establish the payment mechanism for AI,focus on the clinical benefits of AI,and be alert of the overuse of AI.

Objective:To summarize the main practices and experiences of the Centers for Medicare&Medicaid Services in the US.to pay for artificial intelligence(AI),which can provide references for the formulation of health insurance payment policies in China.Methods:Based on the literature study,it systematically analyzed the payment mechanism and typical cases of AI pay-ment in the US.Results:The US.has established four payment mechanisms for AI used in inpatient,outpatient and physician ser-vices,and set clear criteria for inclusion and payment,which has facilitated the clinical use of AI.Conclusion:It is suggested that China establish the payment mechanism for AI,focus on the clinical benefits of AI,and be alert of the overuse of AI.

Objective:To summarize the main practices and experiences of the Centers for Medicare&Medicaid Services in the US.to pay for artificial intelligence(AI),which can provide references for the formulation of health insurance payment policies in China.Methods:Based on the literature study,it systematically analyzed the payment mechanism and typical cases of AI pay-ment in the US.Results:The US.has established four payment mechanisms for AI used in inpatient,outpatient and physician ser-vices,and set clear criteria for inclusion and payment,which has facilitated the clinical use of AI.Conclusion:It is suggested that China establish the payment mechanism for AI,focus on the clinical benefits of AI,and be alert of the overuse of AI.

Objective:To summarize the main practices and experiences of the Centers for Medicare&Medicaid Services in the US.to pay for artificial intelligence(AI),which can provide references for the formulation of health insurance payment policies in China.Methods:Based on the literature study,it systematically analyzed the payment mechanism and typical cases of AI pay-ment in the US.Results:The US.has established four payment mechanisms for AI used in inpatient,outpatient and physician ser-vices,and set clear criteria for inclusion and payment,which has facilitated the clinical use of AI.Conclusion:It is suggested that China establish the payment mechanism for AI,focus on the clinical benefits of AI,and be alert of the overuse of AI.

Objective:To summarize the main practices and experiences of the Centers for Medicare&Medicaid Services in the US.to pay for artificial intelligence(AI),which can provide references for the formulation of health insurance payment policies in China.Methods:Based on the literature study,it systematically analyzed the payment mechanism and typical cases of AI pay-ment in the US.Results:The US.has established four payment mechanisms for AI used in inpatient,outpatient and physician ser-vices,and set clear criteria for inclusion and payment,which has facilitated the clinical use of AI.Conclusion:It is suggested that China establish the payment mechanism for AI,focus on the clinical benefits of AI,and be alert of the overuse of AI.

Objective:To summarize the main practices and experiences of the Centers for Medicare&Medicaid Services in the US.to pay for artificial intelligence(AI),which can provide references for the formulation of health insurance payment policies in China.Methods:Based on the literature study,it systematically analyzed the payment mechanism and typical cases of AI pay-ment in the US.Results:The US.has established four payment mechanisms for AI used in inpatient,outpatient and physician ser-vices,and set clear criteria for inclusion and payment,which has facilitated the clinical use of AI.Conclusion:It is suggested that China establish the payment mechanism for AI,focus on the clinical benefits of AI,and be alert of the overuse of AI.

Objective:To summarize the main practices and experiences of the Centers for Medicare&Medicaid Services in the US.to pay for artificial intelligence(AI),which can provide references for the formulation of health insurance payment policies in China.Methods:Based on the literature study,it systematically analyzed the payment mechanism and typical cases of AI pay-ment in the US.Results:The US.has established four payment mechanisms for AI used in inpatient,outpatient and physician ser-vices,and set clear criteria for inclusion and payment,which has facilitated the clinical use of AI.Conclusion:It is suggested that China establish the payment mechanism for AI,focus on the clinical benefits of AI,and be alert of the overuse of AI.

Objective:To investigate the protein expression characteristics of bone metastatic breast cancer cells and the underlying molecu-lar mechanism driving bone metastasis.Methods:A firefly luciferase-overexpressing human breast cancer cell line,MCF-7-luc,and its bone metastasis subline,MCF-7-BOM-luc,were established.Additionally,a nude mouse model of breast cancer bone metastasis was established by injecting the aforementioned cells into the left ventricle.Bone metastasis and trabecular changes were assessed using micro-computed tomography(Micro-CT).Cell migration,and invasion were evaluated using the Transwell assays.Differential protein expression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)were analyzed using proteomics,Western blot,and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR(qPCR).We meas-ured the glucose uptake,L-lactic acid content,and cell energy metabolism parameters using 2-NBDG,ELISA,and a Seahorse energy metabol-izer.Results:MCF-7-BOM-luc cells exhibited stronger migration,invasion,and EMT characteristics as well as more pronounced bone meta-stasis capabilities than the MCF-7-luc cells.Proteomic analysis revealed increased S100 calcium-binding protein A(S100A4)expression in MCF-7-BOM-luc cells,with other differentially expressed proteins being primarily involved in metabolic pathways.Additionally,MCF-7-BOM-luc cells displayed increased expression of E-box binding homeobox 1/2(zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1/2,ZEB1/2)and Vimentin and reduced E-cadherin expression.MCF-7-BOM-luc cells also exhibited enhanced glucose uptake,L-lactic acid production,and glycolysis rates as well as increased phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2(ERK1/2)and signal transducer and activator of tran-scription 3(STAT3).Conclusions:MCF-7-BOM-luc cells promote S100A4 expression through ERK1/2 and STAT3 signaling pathway activation,which in turn enhances the EMT process and glycolysis rate,thereby contributing to malignant bone metastasis.Proteomic analysis of breast cancer bone metastasis-related protein characteristics could offer potential targets for the diagnosis,prevention,and treatment of breast cancer bone metastasis.

Abstract: The differential expression and subcellular localization of single-cell proteins are closely related to the physiological state and pathological mechanisms of the body. The development of single-cell protein in situ imaging methods provides powerful tools for spatial single-cell proteomics research and single-cell protein profiling. This article summarizes the single-cell protein imaging methods developed in recent years, including the circulating immunofluorescence imaging methods based on ordered multi-round antibody incubation, mass spectrometry imaging based on metal element labeled antibodies, fluorescence imaging based on DNA-barcoded antibody, gene encoded fluorescence protein imaging and spectral imaging based on Raman spectroscopy or X-ray spectroscopy, with brief explanation of the imaging principles of these methods. It focuses on the multiple performance, imaging resolution and signal amplification performance of these methods, and analyzes their application characteristics in practical scientific research and clinical work, in the hope of providing some reference for the development of more revolutionary single-cell imaging methods, and promoting the development of biomedical and precision medicine.

Osteoporosis can be induced by various factors including prolonged glucocorticoid usage, diminished estrogen levels, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and alterations in the microenvironment of bone tissue. The bone metabolism imbalance(osteogenic-lipogenic imbalance) plays a crucial role in the development of osteoporosis. This imbalance is primarily driven by an increase in the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into adipocytes and a decrease in their differentiation into osteoblasts, thus forming the core of the osteogenic-lipogenic imbalance observed in osteoporosis. The bone morphogenesis protein(BMP) plays a crucial role in the regulation of the osteogenic-lipid balance in osteoporosis. This regulatory function is accomplished through both the Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways. This review centers on the Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways facilitated by BMP, offering a comprehensive overview of the potential mechanisms through which BMP-2, 4, 6, 7, and 9 contribute to the regulation of osteogenesis and lipid metabolism in osteoporosis via these pathways. In order to present novel insights for the identification of efficacious targets for clinical anti-osteoporosis medications.