BACKGROUND:At present,traditional drug delivery routes(oral or intravenous injection)in clinical practice face the problem of difficulty in penetrating the blood-brain barrier,and the clinical treatment of open severe traumatic brain injury is often lower than expected.Hydrogels are a class of extremely hydrophilic three-dimensional network structure gels,which swell rapidly in water and can be maintained in the swelling state.Hydrogels swell rapidly in water and can remain in this swollen state.At present,some experimental studies have applied injectable functional hydrogel injection into the injured site to achieve the purpose of repairing damaged brain tissue,but this treatment strategy has not been applied in clinic.OBJECTIVE:To analyze the role of functional hydrogels in tissue repair after traumatic brain injury,discuss the promotion of nerve tissue regeneration after traumatic brain injury through different action modes,so as to propose new ideas for clinical treatment and basic research of traumatic brain injury.METHODS:English key words"hydrogels,functional hydrogel,composite hydrogels,traumatic brain injury,tissue repair,neural regeneration"and Chinese key words"functional hydrogels,traumatic brain injury,tissue repair,nerve regeneration"were used to search the relevant articles published from August 2000 to March 2024 in PubMed,Web of Science,CNKI,and WanFang databases.The inclusion and exclusion criteria were formulated,and 60 relevant articles were finally included after being screened by reading the title,abstract,and full text of articles.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The hydrogel based on molecular design can simulate the neural microstructure,promote regeneration and repair,and simulate the neurovascular unit to promote vascular regeneration.(2)Hydrogels based on the principle of combined drug therapy can deliver endogenous neuroregulatory factors,coating drugs to promote nerve regeneration.(3)Hydrogels based on stem cell recovery strategies can be used as molecular scaffolds to deliver cell therapy.(4)Future researchers need to further explore functional hydrogels related to nerve tissue repair to provide effective strategies for therapeutic function reconstruction in traumatic brain injury patients.

BACKGROUND:At present,traditional drug delivery routes(oral or intravenous injection)in clinical practice face the problem of difficulty in penetrating the blood-brain barrier,and the clinical treatment of open severe traumatic brain injury is often lower than expected.Hydrogels are a class of extremely hydrophilic three-dimensional network structure gels,which swell rapidly in water and can be maintained in the swelling state.Hydrogels swell rapidly in water and can remain in this swollen state.At present,some experimental studies have applied injectable functional hydrogel injection into the injured site to achieve the purpose of repairing damaged brain tissue,but this treatment strategy has not been applied in clinic.OBJECTIVE:To analyze the role of functional hydrogels in tissue repair after traumatic brain injury,discuss the promotion of nerve tissue regeneration after traumatic brain injury through different action modes,so as to propose new ideas for clinical treatment and basic research of traumatic brain injury.METHODS:English key words"hydrogels,functional hydrogel,composite hydrogels,traumatic brain injury,tissue repair,neural regeneration"and Chinese key words"functional hydrogels,traumatic brain injury,tissue repair,nerve regeneration"were used to search the relevant articles published from August 2000 to March 2024 in PubMed,Web of Science,CNKI,and WanFang databases.The inclusion and exclusion criteria were formulated,and 60 relevant articles were finally included after being screened by reading the title,abstract,and full text of articles.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The hydrogel based on molecular design can simulate the neural microstructure,promote regeneration and repair,and simulate the neurovascular unit to promote vascular regeneration.(2)Hydrogels based on the principle of combined drug therapy can deliver endogenous neuroregulatory factors,coating drugs to promote nerve regeneration.(3)Hydrogels based on stem cell recovery strategies can be used as molecular scaffolds to deliver cell therapy.(4)Future researchers need to further explore functional hydrogels related to nerve tissue repair to provide effective strategies for therapeutic function reconstruction in traumatic brain injury patients.

This paper reports a case of multiple myeloma complicated with Primary systemic light chain amyloidosis peripheral neuropathy.Patient was a male,60 years old with subacute onset of peripheral neuropathy.Patient had previous history of hypertension,coronary heart disease and stable angina pectoris.His urine routine examination 2 months ago showed urine protein(+++).The first clinical symptom with peripheral neuropathy characterized by progressive numbness and weakness of both lower limbs.The diagnosis was made after completing electromyography,lumbar puncture,renal puncture,bone puncture and other related examinations,and relevant treatment was given.As a rare disease of nervous system,the incidence rate is low.Early diagnosis is an important step to reduce mortality and improve prognosis.However,the disease is easily misdiagnosed as diabetic peripheral neuropathy and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy,thereby delaying diagnosis and treatment.

Objective To investigate the correlation between chitinase protein(YKL-40)in cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)and longitudinal changes of cognitive function in patients with de novo Parkinson disease(PD).Methods PD group and healthy controls group were selected from the Parkinson Progression Markers Initiative(PPMI)database and their clinical data were collected at baseline,6 months,12 months,24 months,36 months and 60 months of follow-up.PD patients were divided into Parkinson disease normally cognitive(PD-NC),PD with mild cognitive impairment(PD-MCI),and Parkinson disease with dementia(PD-D)groups and comparison of clinical data between groups.We also investigated the correlation of baseline CSF YKL-40 concentration and rate of change in YKL-40 with longitudinal changes in other CSF biomarkers and clinical cognitive assessment results.Results A total of 195 patients were enrolled in PD group and 88 in healthy controls(HC)group.Baseline CSF YKL-40 levels in PD patients(119.08 pg/mL)were significantly lower than those in HC patients(132.64 pg/mL).The level of CSF YKL-40 in PD-MCI patients(127.51 pg/mL)was significantly higher than that in PD-NC patients(114.77 pg/ml)at baseline(P<0.001).In PD patients,baseline CSF YKL-40 was positively correlated with CSF Aβ42(β=0.526,P<0.001),T-tau(β=0.425,P<0.001),P-tau(β=0.373,P<0.001),and α-syn(β=0.525,P<0.001)levels,and was not correlated with clinical assessments of cognitive function.In mixed effect model analysis,we found that the higher the baseline CSF YKL-40 concentration in PD patients,the faster the increase of CSF T-tau(β=0.034,P=0.009)and P-tau(β=0.041,P=0.001)levels,and the faster the decrease of Hopkins verbal learning test(HVLT)delayed recall(β=-0.027,P=0.029)and HVLT retention(β=-0.030,P=0.022).We also found that higher rates of CSF YKL-40 change were associated with faster increases in CSF T-tau(β=0.045,P=0.001)and P-tau(β= 0.053,P<0.001)levels and faster declines in HVLT Delayed Recall(β=-0.026,P=0.049).Conclusion Our study suggests that CSF YKL-40 holds promise as a biomarker that can monitor the severity of cognitive decline in patients with new-onset PD.