Objective Accurate speed perception is crucial for tasks such as man-controlled rendezvous and docking,and teleoperation of space manipulator.Therefore,it is necessary to conduct in-orbit experiments to explore the influence of long-term spaceflight on human speed perception characteristics.Methods The Time-to-Collision(TTC)paradigm was selected to develop experimental software,using a tablet computer for stimulus presentation.Human speed perception characteristics were evaluated based on the subjects'keystroke response data on the keyboard.Through ground-based experiments,the usability and reliability of the paradigm were explored,and the gravity internal model effect was quantitatively analyzed.Through in-orbit experiments on space station tasks,the influence of long-term spaceflight on human speed perception characteristics was further investigated.Results Under the 1G environment on the ground,the TTC paradigm has a high test-retest reliability(r>0.8),and indicators such as average deviation rate and absolute value of average deviation rate show no practice effect.In addition,ground experiments found that compared to vertical upward movement,vertical downward movement is estimated to be faster(i.e.,keystroke time is advanced),showing the existence of the gravity internal model effect.In the microgravity environment of spaceflight,there are no significant differences in average deviation rate and absolute value of average deviation rate among three stages(pre-flight,in-flight,post-flight)and seven tests,indicating that no obvious changes in astronauts'speed perception ability were found at the existing test time points and paradigms.However,the gravity internal model effect(difference between vertical downward and vertical upward)showed a trend of fading in the early stage of astronauts entering orbit.Conclusion Based on the computer screen TTC estimation paradigm,no significant changes in human speed perception ability were found during long-term spaceflight,but microgravity may weaken the human brain's gravity internal model.

Objective:This multicenter retrospective study aimed to analyze the clinicopathological features of duodenal adenocarcinoma (DA) and identify prognostic factors for postoperative survival.Methods:Demographic characteristics, clinicopathological features, treatment outcomes and survival of DA patients undergoing surgical treatment at 18 Chinese medical centers from January 2012 to December 2023 were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Among the 2 056 DA patients included, 46.8% (963) had extra-ampullary DA (EA-DA), and 53.2% (1 093) had peri-ampullary DA (PA-DA). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates for patients who underwent radical surgery were 93.2%, 71.0%, and 57.2%, respectively. The median overall survival was 76 months, and the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 65 months. No differences in survival were observed between the laparotomy group and minimally invasive surgery (MIS) group either before or after propensity score matching (OS: 76 vs. 75 months before PSM, P=0.986; OS: 75 vs. 75 months after PSM, P=0.602). Furthermore, there were no significant differences between-group in operation time and postoperative complications ( P＞0.05). The MIS group experienced less intraoperative blood loss and shorter hospital stays. The multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that advanced age ( HR=1.43,95% CI:1.18-1.73), elevated carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels ( HR=1.24,95% CI:1.02-1.51), perineural invasion ( HR=1.44,95% CI:1.14-1.81), vascular invasion ( HR=1.35,95% CI:1.07-1.71), advanced T stage (T3-4 vs. T1-2: HR=1.86,95% CI:1.49-2.31), regional lymph node metastasis ( HR=1.93,95% CI:1.58-2.36), preoperative biliary drainage ( HR=1.26,95% CI:1.04-1.53), intraoperative blood loss ( HR=1.34,95% CI:1.11-1.62), clinically significant postoperative pancreatic fistulas ( HR=1.53,95% CI:1.12-2.09), and postoperative hemorrhage ( HR=1.62,95% CI:1.14-2.29) were independent risk factors for poor prognosis after surgery (all P＜0.05). Conclusions:Radical surgery is associated with favorable overall survival among DA patients, and no difference in survival is observed between EA-DA and PA-DA patients. MIS is a reliable alternative for DA treatment.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between the changes of immune microenvironment and prognosis in naso-pharyngeal carcinoma patients undergoing concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy.Methods:A total of 134 patients with nasopha-ryngeal carcinoma who were treated with concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy were selected to analyze the expression levels of six immune cell markers in tumor tissue microarray by immunohistochemistry.They were divided into high expression group and low expression group,and the correlation between six kinds of immunohistochemical indicators and the clinical pathological characteristics of patients were analyzed.According to the prognosis of patients,they were divided into poor prognosis group(n=41)and good progno-sis group(n=93).Multifactor analysis was conducted through Logistic regression model to construct nomogram prediction model and verify the model.Kaplan-Meier method and Log-rank test were used to analyze the influence of the expression levels of six immunohis-tochemical indicators on the five-year survival rate of patients.Results:After concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy,the expres-sion levels of CD3,CD4,CD8 and CD56 in tumor tissues of patients were increased significantly,and the average positive rates of CD10 and FOXP3 were significantly lower than those before treatment(P<0.05).The expression levels of CD3,CD4,CD8 and CD56 were negatively correlated with tumor size and lymph node metastasis(P<0.05);the expression levels of CD10 and FOXP3 were posi-tively correlated with tumor size and lymph node metastasis(P<0.05).Tumor size,lymph node metastasis,CD10 and FOXP3 were in-dependent risk factors affecting the prognosis of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma(P<0.05),while CD3,CD4,CD8 and CD56 were protective factors(P<0.05).Patients with higher expression levels of CD3,CD4,CD8 and CD56 and lower expression levels of CD10 and FOXP3 have higher five-year survival rates.Conclusion:After concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy,the average posi-tive rates of CD3,CD4,CD8,CD56 are significantly increased compared with those before treatment,and the average positive rates of CD10 and FOXP3 are significantly decreased compared with those before treatment,the prediction model based on the clinical char-acteristics of patients can effectively predict the prognosis of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease(CJD)is a rapidly progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by prions,with certain infectivity and iatrogenic transmission risks.With the rapid progress and application of new dia-gnostic biomarkers and detection methods,as well as the construction and improvement of surveillance and reporting systems,the detection of CJD in patients domestically and internationally has shown an increasing trend year by year.Due to its long incubation period and heterogeneity of early symptoms,early identification and diagnosis of the disease is difficult,increasing the risk of transmission within medical institutions.Currently,there is a lack of con-sensus on the infection prevention and control of CJD.In order to timely identify and diagnose CJD as well as effec-tively block its transmission in medical institutions,this consensus summarizes 15 clinical concerns and formulates 24 specific recommendations based on the latest domestic and international research findings and clinical evidence,as well as combines with clinical practice,aiming to standardize healthcare-associated infection prevention and control measures for CJD and reduce its transmission risk in medical institutions.

Objective:This multicenter retrospective study aimed to analyze the clinicopathological features of duodenal adenocarcinoma (DA) and identify prognostic factors for postoperative survival.Methods:Demographic characteristics, clinicopathological features, treatment outcomes and survival of DA patients undergoing surgical treatment at 18 Chinese medical centers from January 2012 to December 2023 were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Among the 2 056 DA patients included, 46.8% (963) had extra-ampullary DA (EA-DA), and 53.2% (1 093) had peri-ampullary DA (PA-DA). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates for patients who underwent radical surgery were 93.2%, 71.0%, and 57.2%, respectively. The median overall survival was 76 months, and the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 65 months. No differences in survival were observed between the laparotomy group and minimally invasive surgery (MIS) group either before or after propensity score matching (OS: 76 vs. 75 months before PSM, P=0.986; OS: 75 vs. 75 months after PSM, P=0.602). Furthermore, there were no significant differences between-group in operation time and postoperative complications ( P＞0.05). The MIS group experienced less intraoperative blood loss and shorter hospital stays. The multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that advanced age ( HR=1.43,95% CI:1.18-1.73), elevated carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels ( HR=1.24,95% CI:1.02-1.51), perineural invasion ( HR=1.44,95% CI:1.14-1.81), vascular invasion ( HR=1.35,95% CI:1.07-1.71), advanced T stage (T3-4 vs. T1-2: HR=1.86,95% CI:1.49-2.31), regional lymph node metastasis ( HR=1.93,95% CI:1.58-2.36), preoperative biliary drainage ( HR=1.26,95% CI:1.04-1.53), intraoperative blood loss ( HR=1.34,95% CI:1.11-1.62), clinically significant postoperative pancreatic fistulas ( HR=1.53,95% CI:1.12-2.09), and postoperative hemorrhage ( HR=1.62,95% CI:1.14-2.29) were independent risk factors for poor prognosis after surgery (all P＜0.05). Conclusions:Radical surgery is associated with favorable overall survival among DA patients, and no difference in survival is observed between EA-DA and PA-DA patients. MIS is a reliable alternative for DA treatment.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease(CJD)is a rapidly progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by prions,with certain infectivity and iatrogenic transmission risks.With the rapid progress and application of new dia-gnostic biomarkers and detection methods,as well as the construction and improvement of surveillance and reporting systems,the detection of CJD in patients domestically and internationally has shown an increasing trend year by year.Due to its long incubation period and heterogeneity of early symptoms,early identification and diagnosis of the disease is difficult,increasing the risk of transmission within medical institutions.Currently,there is a lack of con-sensus on the infection prevention and control of CJD.In order to timely identify and diagnose CJD as well as effec-tively block its transmission in medical institutions,this consensus summarizes 15 clinical concerns and formulates 24 specific recommendations based on the latest domestic and international research findings and clinical evidence,as well as combines with clinical practice,aiming to standardize healthcare-associated infection prevention and control measures for CJD and reduce its transmission risk in medical institutions.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between the changes of immune microenvironment and prognosis in naso-pharyngeal carcinoma patients undergoing concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy.Methods:A total of 134 patients with nasopha-ryngeal carcinoma who were treated with concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy were selected to analyze the expression levels of six immune cell markers in tumor tissue microarray by immunohistochemistry.They were divided into high expression group and low expression group,and the correlation between six kinds of immunohistochemical indicators and the clinical pathological characteristics of patients were analyzed.According to the prognosis of patients,they were divided into poor prognosis group(n=41)and good progno-sis group(n=93).Multifactor analysis was conducted through Logistic regression model to construct nomogram prediction model and verify the model.Kaplan-Meier method and Log-rank test were used to analyze the influence of the expression levels of six immunohis-tochemical indicators on the five-year survival rate of patients.Results:After concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy,the expres-sion levels of CD3,CD4,CD8 and CD56 in tumor tissues of patients were increased significantly,and the average positive rates of CD10 and FOXP3 were significantly lower than those before treatment(P<0.05).The expression levels of CD3,CD4,CD8 and CD56 were negatively correlated with tumor size and lymph node metastasis(P<0.05);the expression levels of CD10 and FOXP3 were posi-tively correlated with tumor size and lymph node metastasis(P<0.05).Tumor size,lymph node metastasis,CD10 and FOXP3 were in-dependent risk factors affecting the prognosis of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma(P<0.05),while CD3,CD4,CD8 and CD56 were protective factors(P<0.05).Patients with higher expression levels of CD3,CD4,CD8 and CD56 and lower expression levels of CD10 and FOXP3 have higher five-year survival rates.Conclusion:After concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy,the average posi-tive rates of CD3,CD4,CD8,CD56 are significantly increased compared with those before treatment,and the average positive rates of CD10 and FOXP3 are significantly decreased compared with those before treatment,the prediction model based on the clinical char-acteristics of patients can effectively predict the prognosis of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Background In vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) is an approach utilizing in vitro experimental data to predict in vivo phenomena. It is a promising tool for chemical risk assessment. Objective To learn the hotspots, evolution path, and trend of IVIVE in risk assessment by literature search and bibliometric analysis, and provide reference and data support for subsequent research. Methods PubMed and Web of Science Core Collection were selected as foreign databases to search for literature about IVIVE applied in risk assessment published by December 31, 2023. The number of relevant documents in CNKI and Wanfang database was too small, so the Chinese databases were not included in this study. This study employed bibilometric analysis using VOSviewer and CiteSpace for visualizing networks categorized by author, institution, country, journal, keyword, and co-citation. Results A total of 189 articles were included in this study. The first article was published in 2006, and since then the number of publications overall showed an upward trend and increased significantly after 2016. The institution with the most publications was the United States Environmental Protection Agency (28 articles). The United States was the most productive country (87 articles), and had a close cooperation with the United Kingdom. The journal with the most publications and the highest number of citations per article was Archives of Toxicology (19 articles). The keyword co-occurrence analysis suggested that research on IVIVE in risk assessment mainly studied the methods and models of IVIVE and prediction of chemical toxicity, and toxicity, in vitro, and models were the research hotspots in this field. Keyword timeline cluster analysis suggested that the assessment objects gradually expanded from drugs to environmental chemicals, organic chemicals and food additives. The co-citation analysis suggested that articles about IVIVE in risk assessment mostly cited journals in the environment, food, and drug fields, and these articles were mainly methodological studies followed by literature reviews. Conclusion The research of IVIVE in risk assessment has developed rapidly. With the improvement of prediction models and the expansion of application scope, animal experiments in risk assessment may be greatly reduced and the efficiency of risk assessment can be increased. At present, the United States has a leading position in this field, while China has few relevant studies and needs to actively carry out international cooperation to improve the level of applied research of IVIVE. In the future, it is hoped that the IVIVE method can be further refined to improve its application and expand its research fields.

Osteoporosis （OP） is a systemic metabolic bone disease characterized by bone microstructure degeneration and bone mass loss， which has a high prevalence and disability rate. Effective prevention and treatment of OP is a major difficulty in the medical community. The nature of OP is that multiple pathological factors lead to the imbalance of human bone homeostasis maintained by osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic cell death pathway， and its fundamental cause is cell damage caused by iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Studies have shown that ferroptosis is involved in and affects the occurrence and development of OP， which leads to OP by mediating the imbalance of bone homeostasis. Ferroptosis is an adjustable form of programmed cell death. The intervention of ferroptosis can regulate the damage degree and death process of osteoblasts and osteoclasts， which is beneficial to maintain bone homeostasis， slow down the development process of OP， improve the clinical symptoms of patients， reduce the risk of disability， and improve their quality of life. However， there are few studies on ferroptosis in OP. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） is a medical treasure with unique characteristics and great application value in China. It has been widely used in China and has a long history. It has the multi-target and multi-pathway advantages in the treatment of OP， with high safety， few toxic and side effects， and low treatment cost， and has a significant effect in clinical application. The intervention of TCM in ferroptosis to regulate bone homeostasis may be a new direction for the prevention and treatment of OP in the future. This article summarized the regulatory mechanisms related to ferroptosis， discussed the role of ferroptosis in bone homeostasis， and reviewed the current status and progress of active ingredients in TCM compounds and monomers in the regulation of OP through ferroptosis， so as to provide a theoretical basis for the participation of TCM in the prevention and treatment of OP in the future.

Traumatic supraorbital fissure syndrome (TSOFS) is a symptom complex caused by nerve entrapment in the supraorbital fissure after skull base trauma. If the compressed cranial nerve in the supraorbital fissure is not decompressed surgically, ptosis, diplopia and eye movement disorder may exist for a long time and seriously affect the patients′ quality of life. Since its overall incidence is not high, it is not familiarized with the majority of neurosurgeons and some TSOFS may be complicated with skull base vascular injury. If the supraorbital fissure surgery is performed without treatment of vascular injury, it may cause massive hemorrhage, and disability and even life-threatening in severe cases. At present, there is no consensus or guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of TSOFS that can be referred to both domestically and internationally. To improve the understanding of TSOFS among clinical physicians and establish standardized diagnosis and treatment plans, the Skull Base Trauma Group of the Neurorepair Professional Committee of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Neurotrauma Group of the Neurosurgery Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, Neurotrauma Group of the Traumatology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, and Editorial Committee of Chinese Journal of Trauma organized relevant experts to formulate Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic supraorbital fissure syndrome ( version 2024) based on evidence of evidence-based medicine and clinical experience of diagnosis and treatment. This consensus puts forward 12 recommendations on the diagnosis, classification, treatment, efficacy evaluation and follow-up of TSOFS, aiming to provide references for neurosurgeons from hospitals of all levels to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of TSOFS.