Natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising candidates for the development of a new generation of antimicrobials to combat antibiotic-resistant pathogens. They have found extensive applications in the fields of medicine, food, and agriculture. However, efficiently screening AMPs from natural sources poses several challenges, including low efficiency and high antibiotic resistance. This review focuses on the action mechanisms of AMPs, both through membrane and non-membrane routes. We thoroughly examine various highly efficient AMP screening methods, including whole-bacterial adsorption binding, cell membrane chromatography (CMC), phospholipid membrane chromatography binding, membrane-mediated capillary electrophoresis (CE), colorimetric assays, thin layer chromatography (TLC), fluorescence-based screening, genetic sequencing-based analysis, computational mining of AMP databases, and virtual screening methods. Additionally, we discuss potential developmental applications for enhancing the efficiency of AMP discovery. This review provides a comprehensive framework for identifying AMPs within complex natural product systems.

Amoenucles A-F (1-6), six previously undescribed nucleoside derivatives, and two known analogs (7 and 8) were isolated from the culture of Aspergillus amoenus TJ507. Their structures were elucidated through spectroscopic analysis, single-crystal X-ray crystallography, and chemical reactions. Notably, 3 and 4 represent the first reported instances of nucleosides with an attached pyrrole moiety. Of particular significance, the absolute configuration of the sugar moiety of 1-4 was determined using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electric circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, and a hydrolysis reaction, presenting a potentially valuable method for confirming nucleoside structures. Furthermore, 1, 2, and 5-8 exhibited potential tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) inhibitory activities, which may provide a novel chemical template for the development of agents targeting autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
Aspergillus/chemistry* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors* ; Molecular Structure ; Nucleosides/isolation & purification* ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Animals ; Humans ; Mice ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Objective To explore the feasibility of automatic segmentation of clinical target volume(CTV)and organs at risk(OARs)for cervical cancer using AccuLearning(AL)based on geometric and dosimetric indices.Methods Seventy-five CT localization images with manual contouring data of postoperative cervical cancer were enrolled in this study.Sixty cases were randomly selected to trained to generate automatic segmentation model by AL,and the CTV and OARs of the remaining 15 cases were automatically contoured.Radiotherapy plans on the automatic segmentation contours were imported on the CT images of manual contours.The efficiency,Dice similarity coefficient(DSC),Hausdorff distance(HD)and dosimetric parameters were compared between the two methods.Results The time of automatic segmentation was significantly shorter than that of the manual contour(P<0.05).The DSC of all structures were≥0.87.The HD of bowel bag and rectum were about 10 mm,and that of the rest of OARs were less than 5 mm.CTV(D98,V90% ,V95% ,Dmean,HI),bowel bag(V50)and bladder(V50)had significant differences in dosimetric comparison(P<0.05).Conclusion The automatic segmentation model based on AL can improve the efficiency of radiotherapy.Automatic segmentation of OARs has the potential of clinical application,while that of CTV still needs to be further modified.

Objective To explore the correlation between intestinal dose and acute radiation enteritis(ARE)in patients with cervical cancer received concurrent chemoradiotherapy,and optimize the dose limit of intestinal tissue.Methods 158 cervical cancer patients received concurrent chemoradiotherapy from 2014 to 2019 were selected in this study.According to CTCAE 5.0,patients with ARE≥grade 2 were classified as ARE≥grade 2 group,otherwise classified as ARE0.7,P<0.05).Conclusions For patients with cervical cancer received concurrent chemoradiotherapy,the dose of bowelbag V5 and V40 should be considered to rationally optimize the dose of bowelbag in the radiotherapy plan,so as to reduce the incidence of ARE≥grade 2.

Objective To assess the feasibility of utilizing the ExacTracDynamic surface monitoring system(ETD)for setup and body surface monitoring in patients with thoracic tumors undergoing intensity-modulated radio-therapy(IMRT).Methods Patients receiving IMRT for thoracic tumors were included in this study.The enrolled patients were alternatively assigned to either conventional cross curve positioning(control group)or surface monitoring system-assisted positioning(experimental group).ETD X-ray images were utilized for calibration purposes prior to radiotherapy,enabling the determination of setup errors.A region of interest(ROI)was delineated on the body surface above the sternum,and real-time body surface monitoring was performed based on this ROI during radiotherapy.Post-radiotherapy X-ray images were obtained to verify patient position.Data regarding left-right(X),head-foot(Y),abdomen-back(Z),pitch,roll,and yaw directions were recorded and analyzed.Results A total of 60 patients were enrolled,with 754 fractions of radiotherapy in the control group and 718 fractions in the experimental group.The setup errors in the X and Z directions were significantly smaller in the experimental group compared to the control group(P<0.05).Moreover,there was a significant reduction in the number of setup errors≤0.50 cm for X,Y,and Z directions,as well as≤1.00° for Roll angle in the experimental group compared to the control group(P<0.05).Additionally,differences were observed between surface monitoring and X-ray image verification regarding position deviation along Y and Z directions(P<0.05),although these deviations remained within submillimeter levels on average.Conclusion Surface monitoring system-assisted positioning can enhance radiotherapy setup accuracy among thoracic tumor patients,particularly along X and Z directions.Furthermore,when setting ROI above sternum on body surface area,surface monitoring provides better reflection of target area's position deviation.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is very common in sexually active men and women. HPV vaccination is the most effective measure for primary prevention for HPV infection and HPV-related diseases ultimately. HPV infection can cause condylomata acuminata in males, and is also associated with penile cancer, anal cancer and oral cancer; however, most male HPV carriers do not have signs or symptoms, so prevention and treatment of HPV infection in men can effectively reduce the risk of HPV infection in their partners. In most countries the HPV vaccination coverage among females is far lower than targeting expectation, and the effective herd immunity has not been achieved yet. Men can directly benefit from HPV vaccination, which is also beneficial for their partners, therefore HPV vaccination for men is worth considering. In this article we briefly describe HPV vaccination in males and overview their awareness and acceptance of HPV vaccination, so as to provide references for promoting HPV vaccination among men in the future.

Objective: To investigate the feasibility and reliability of the Brockport physical fitness test in visually impaired adolescents in China to determine its applicability in clinical practice and research. Methods: A total of 41 visually impaired adolescents 10-17 years of age were included. Body mass index (BMI), dominant grip strength, modified curl up, trunk lift, shoulder stretch, back saver sit and reach and PACER were tested twice with a 1 week interval by the same tester using the same instrument. Results: Each item in the Brockport physical fitness test was completed. The intraclass correlation coefficients for height, weight, BMI, dominant grip strength, modified curl up, trunk lift, back saver sit and reach (left/right leg straight), and PACER in all subjects were 1.00, 1.00, 1.00, 0.94, 0.75, 0.78, 0.90, 0.87, 0.89, respectively. In blind subjects, the corresponding values were 1.00, 1.00, 1.00, 0.97, 0.80, 0.92, 0.89, 0.87, 0.87, respectively. In low vision subjects, the corresponding values were 1.00 , 1.00, 1.00, 0.90, 0.71, 0.40, 0.89, 0.85, 0.85, respectively. The Cohen kappa values for shoulder stretch (left/right hand on top) were 0.79 and 0.78 in all subjects, 0.72 and 0.64 in blind subjects, and 0.87 and 1.00 in low vision subjects. Conclusion The Brockport physical fitness test is a feasible and reliable physical fitness test for visually impaired adolescents in China, however, trunk lift is not recommended for adolescents with low vision.

Objective This study reconstructed 4D-CBCT for fully automatic compensated sliding motion by incorporating the bilateral filtering into the Deformable Vector Field (DVF). Methods First, a motion compensated simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (Modified Simultaneous Algebra Reconstruction Technique, mSART) was used to generate a high quality reference phase by using all phase projection stogether with the initial 4D-DVFs, which were generated via Demons registration between 0% phase and each other phaseimage. The 4D-DVF was optimized by matching the forward projection of the deformed 0% phase with the measured projection of the target phase. The loss function’s DVF smoothing constrain term contained bilateral filtering kernel that contained: 1) an spatial domain Guassian kernel; 2) animage intensity domain Guassian kernel; and 3) a DVF domain Guassian kernel. By choosing suitable kernel variances, the sliding motion can be extracted. A non-linear conjugate gradient optimizer wasused. We validated the algorithm on a Non-Uniform Rotational B- spline based Cardiac-Torso (NCAT) phantom. Quantification was evaluated by: 1) the Root-Mean-Square-Error (RMSE) together with the Maximum-Error (MaxE); 2) the Dice coefficient of the extracted lung contour from the final reconstructed images and 3) the relative reconstruction error (RE) to evaluate the algorithm's performance. Results The motion trajectory's RMSE/MaxEare 0.796/1.02 mm for bilateral filtering reconstruction; and 2.704/4.08 mm for original reconstruction. Image content such a stherib position, the hearted gedefinition, the fibrous structures all had been better corrected with bilateral filtering. Conclusion We developed a bilateral filtering based fully automatic sliding motion compensated 4D-CBCT scheme. Digital phantom study confirmed the improved motion estimation and image reconstruction ability. It can be used as a 4D-CBCT image guidance tool for lung SBRTtreatment.

Objective:To investigate the regulatory effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on the microglial activation after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in vivo and in vitro.Methods:C57BL/6 mice were used for in vivo experiments. A SAH model was induced by intravascular puncture. They were randomly divided into solvent group, model group, and DHEA pretreatment group. TUNEL staining was used to detect neuronal apoptosis level at 24 h after modeling. Iba-1/CD86 fluorescence double staining was used to detect the activation of microglia. Quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were used to detect the expression of inflammatory factors, including interleukin (IL) -1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The primary cultured microglia was used for in vitro experiments and it was simulated SAH by hemoglobin stimulation. They were randomly divided into control group, model group, and DHEA pretreatment group. Iba-1/CD86 fluorescence double staining was used to detect the microglial activation, and fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were used to detect the expression of inflammatory factors.Results:In vivo model experiments showed that DHEA significantly reduced neuronal apoptosis ( P<0.01) and microglial activation ( P<0.01) after SAH modeling, and IL-6 expression level significantly decreased ( P<0.01), while IL-1β, TNF-α and iNOS showed a downward trend, but there were no statistical differences. In vitro model experiments showed that DHEA could significantly inhibit microglial activation ( P<0.001) and the expression levels of various inflammatory factors ( P<0.001). Conclusions:DHEA pretreatment can reduce neuronal apoptosis and microglia activation after SAH, and it has neuroprotective effect.

Many clinical teachers who train general practice residents are specialists from other departments and are not fully familiar with the work of general practitioners.By socio-culturally adapting concepts from the Preceptor Education Project (PEP) developed over the past 25 years in the United States,this paper provides seven principles general practice residents can consider during rotations in other specialties.(1) Having clear learning objectives makes teaching and studying easier;(2) Teaching takes time,(3) Ask to be observed;(4) Teaching physicians should evaluate you;(5) Patients may resent meeting with a medical resident;(6) Make allies and treat them well;(7) Teach others.These principles can guide general practice residents to take responsibility for excellent training.