In the fields of clinical psychology and psychiatry, music therapy has emerged as a safe and effective adjunctive intervention, demonstrating significant value in the treatment and rehabilitation of various mental disorders. However, research on the medium- and long-term efficacy and underlying mechanisms of music therapy remains insufficient, particularly in developing biologically informed treatment protocols tailored to individual patient differences, which represents a critical and emerging direction for further exploration. From an expert review perspective, this paper synthesizes recent advancements in both domestic and international research with the author's clinical experience to provide an in-depth analysis of the current status, limitations, and challenges of music therapy in the context of mental disorders. Furthermore, it proposes a future-oriented vision for the development of individualized music therapy grounded in neuroscience and integrating multidisciplinary theories and technologies. We advocate for intensified research into the biological mechanisms of music therapy, the application of real-time neural monitoring technologies, and a deeper exploration of the emotional, cognitive, and social dimensions of music. Through interdisciplinary collaboration, we aim to advance music therapy into a more scientific and precise era of personalized care in the field of mental disorders.

Today, medication remains a fundamental guarantee of long-term improvement in the quality of life for patients with Parkinson′s disease (PD). Since the 1960s, compound levodopa has been used to treat PD, and has been proved to be the most effective drug for the treatment of PD, which can not only improve the motor symptoms of PD patients, but also improve the quality of life. However, there are still some misunderstandings about the use of compound levodopa in clinical practice. With the progression of the disease, the related motor complications caused by its treatment have caused certain troubles to both clinicians and patients. This paper reviewed the results of related clinical studies at home and abroad, as well as guidelines and consensus, and carried out a comprehensive and systematic analysis and summary of the pharmacological characteristics of compound levodopa, evidence-based research evidence, clinical standard use, etc, combined with China′s national conditions and clinical practice, hoping to standardize the reasonable clinical application of compound levodopa and provide drug reference for the majority of clinical workers.

Objective:To analyze the difference of clinical characteristics and outcomes of infants with moderate and severe pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome(PARDS)diagnosed according to baseline oxygenation index(OI) in pediatric intensive care unit(PICU).Methods:Second analysis of the data collected from the "Efficacy of pulmonary surfactant (PS) in the treatment of children with moderate and severe ARDS" program.Retrospectively compare of the differences in clinical data such as general condition, underlying diseases, OI, mechanical ventilation, PS administration and outcomes among infants with moderate and severe PARDS divided by baseline OI who admitted to PICUs at 14 participating tertiary hospitals from 2016 to December 2021.Results:Among the 101 cases, 55 cases (54.5%) were moderate and 46 cases (45.5%) were severe PARDS.The proportion of male in the severe group (50.0% vs.72.7%, P=0.019) and the pediatric critical illness score(PCIS)[72 (68, 78) vs.76 (70, 80), P=0.019] were significantly lower than those in the moderate group, while there was no significant difference regarding age, body weight, etiology of PARDS and underlying diseases.The utilization rate of high-frequency ventilator in the severe group was significantly higher than that in the moderate group (34.8% vs.10.9%, P=0.004), but there was no significant difference in PS use, fluid load and pulmonary complications.The 24 h OI improvement (0.26±0.33 vs.0.04±0.34, P=0.001) and the 72 h OI improvement[0.34 (-0.04, 0.62) vs.0.15 (-0.14, 0.42), P=0.029)]in the severe group were significantly better than those in the moderate group, but there was no significant difference regarding mortality, length of hospital stay and intubation duration after diagnosis of PARDS between the two groups. Conclusion:In moderate and severe(divided by baseline OI) PARDS infants with invasive mechanical ventilation, children in severe group have better oxygenation improvement in the early stage after PARDS identified and are more likely to receive high frequency ventilation compared to those in moderate group.Baseline OI can not sensitively distinguish the outcomes and is not an ideal index for PARDS grading of this kind of patient.

Prolonged grief disorder (PGD), a unique and identifiable pathological form of grief, has a high disability rate, co-morbidity, and suicide risk. It is essential to identify and treat it effectively. Up to now, domestic and foreign research on PGD has grown fast, with advances in the fields of etiologypathogenesis, early intervention, and treatment. This article reviews the current literature on the pathogenesis, early intervention, and treatment of PGD to provide a preliminary evidence-based foundation for the clinical management and identification of PGD and guide further academic research in China. Studies have found that the occurrence and development of PGD involve functional changes in neural reward pathways and neuroendocrine systems. Existing evidence-based evidence does not support the application of structured psychological intervention strategies for early intervention in the general bereaved population; active psychological interventions may still be necessary for individuals with acute severe grief. The most common treatment options for PGD are psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy, with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) being considered the most preferred option based on the available evidence. So far, the research on PGD needs to be conducted further in-depth, focusing on understanding the whole PGD occurrence and development process.

Prolonged grief disorder (PGD), a unique and identifiable pathological form of grief, has a high disability rate, co-morbidity, and suicide risk. It is essential to identify and treat it effectively. Up to now, domestic and foreign research on PGD has grown fast, with advances in the fields of etiologypathogenesis, early intervention, and treatment. This article reviews the current literature on the pathogenesis, early intervention, and treatment of PGD to provide a preliminary evidence-based foundation for the clinical management and identification of PGD and guide further academic research in China. Studies have found that the occurrence and development of PGD involve functional changes in neural reward pathways and neuroendocrine systems. Existing evidence-based evidence does not support the application of structured psychological intervention strategies for early intervention in the general bereaved population; active psychological interventions may still be necessary for individuals with acute severe grief. The most common treatment options for PGD are psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy, with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) being considered the most preferred option based on the available evidence. So far, the research on PGD needs to be conducted further in-depth, focusing on understanding the whole PGD occurrence and development process.

Ketamine is a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, as a racemic mixture of two enantiomers (S-ketamine/esketamine and R-ketamine). Ketamine has been a hot topic in the field of psychiatric disorders therapeutics since it was discovered in 1994 that a subanesthetic dose of ketamine could induce a series of psychoactive reactions. By reviewing previous basic research and clinical trials at home and abroad, this study examined the possible mechanisms of action of ketamine and its enantiomers in treating major depressive disorder and their potential clinical risks and benefits to provide preliminary evidence-based guidance for future clinical practice and research in this area field. It was found that ketamine and its enantiomers might exert antidepressant effects relying on a complex mechanism involving multiple receptors and small-molecule systems. Combined with previous reports in the literature, it was hypothesized that ketamine and its enantiomers might exert antidepressant effects through some reticular receptor association system, which is the cascade effect hypothesis proposed in the previous study. Ketamine and its enantiomers can rapidly and effectively treat the major depressive disorder and eliminate suicidal ideation in various psychiatric disorders. Short-term safety is acceptable, but long-term safety lacks high-quality studies. Further research is needed to address the scientific questions in urgent need effectively. Many basic and clinical studies on ketamine and its enantiomers are underway. It is foreseeable that ketamine and its enantiomers will continue to be a hot research topic in the field of depressive disorders therapeutics for some time in the future.

Ketamine is a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, as a racemic mixture of two enantiomers (S-ketamine/esketamine and R-ketamine). Ketamine has been a hot topic in the field of psychiatric disorders therapeutics since it was discovered in 1994 that a subanesthetic dose of ketamine could induce a series of psychoactive reactions. By reviewing previous basic research and clinical trials at home and abroad, this study examined the possible mechanisms of action of ketamine and its enantiomers in treating major depressive disorder and their potential clinical risks and benefits to provide preliminary evidence-based guidance for future clinical practice and research in this area field. It was found that ketamine and its enantiomers might exert antidepressant effects relying on a complex mechanism involving multiple receptors and small-molecule systems. Combined with previous reports in the literature, it was hypothesized that ketamine and its enantiomers might exert antidepressant effects through some reticular receptor association system, which is the cascade effect hypothesis proposed in the previous study. Ketamine and its enantiomers can rapidly and effectively treat the major depressive disorder and eliminate suicidal ideation in various psychiatric disorders. Short-term safety is acceptable, but long-term safety lacks high-quality studies. Further research is needed to address the scientific questions in urgent need effectively. Many basic and clinical studies on ketamine and its enantiomers are underway. It is foreseeable that ketamine and its enantiomers will continue to be a hot research topic in the field of depressive disorders therapeutics for some time in the future.

Objective:To explore the effects of interpregnancy interval (IPI) on pregnancy outcomes of subsequent pregnancy.Methods:A multicenter retrospective study was conducted in 21 hospitals in China. Information of age, height, pre-pregnancy weight, IPI, history of diseases, complications of pregnancy, gestational age of delivery, delivery mode, and pregnancy outcomes of the participants were collected by consulting medical records of pregnant women who had two consecutive deliveries in the same hospital during 2011 to 2018. The participants were divided into 4 groups according to IPI:<18 months, 18-23 months, 24-59 months and ≥60 months. According to the WHO′s recommendation, with the IPI of 24-59 months group as a reference, to the effects of IPI on pregnancy outcomes of subsequent pregnancy were analyzed. Stratified analysis was further carried out based on age, history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), macrosomia, and premature delivery, to explore the differences in the effects of IPI on pregnancy outcomes among women with different characteristics.Results:A total of 8 026 women were included in this study. There were 423, 623, 5 512 and 1 468 participants in <18 months group, 18-23 months group, 24-59 months group and ≥60 months group, respectively. (1) The age, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), history of cesarean section, GDM, gestational hypertension and cesarean section delivery rate of <18 months group, 18-23 months group, 24-59 months group and ≥60 months group were gradually increased, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). (2) After adjusting for potential confounding factors, compared with women in the IPI of 24-59 months group, the risk of premature delivery, premature rupture of membranes, and oligohydramnios were increased by 42% ( OR=1.42, 95% CI: 1.07-1.88, P=0.015), 46% ( OR=1.46, 95% CI: 1.13-1.88, P=0.004), and 64% ( OR=1.64, 95% CI: 1.13-2.38, P=0.009) respectively for women in the IPI≥60 months group. No effects of IPI on other pregnancy outcomes were found in this study ( P>0.05). (3) After stratified by age and adjusted for confounding factors, compared with women in the IPI of 24-59 months group, IPI≥60 months would significantly increase the risk of oligohydramnios for women with advanced age ( OR=2.87, 95% CI: 1.41-5.83, P=0.004); and <18 months could increase the risk of premature rupture of membranes for women under the age of 35 ( OR=1.59, 95% CI: 1.04-2.43, P=0.032). Both the risk of premature rupture of membranes ( OR=1.58, 95% CI: 1.18-2.13, P=0.002) and premature delivery ( OR=1.52, 95% CI: 1.07-2.17, P=0.020) were significantly increased in the IPI≥60 months group. After stratified by history of GDM and adjusted for confounding factors, compared with women in the IPI of 24-59 months group, IPI≥60 months would lead to an increased risk of postpartum hemorrhage for women with a history of GDM ( OR=5.34, 95% CI: 1.45-19.70, P=0.012) and an increased risk of premature rupture of membranes for women without a history of GDM ( OR=1.44, 95% CI: 1.10-1.90, P=0.009). After stratified by history of macrosomia and adjusted for confounding factors, compared with women in the IPI of 24-59 months group, IPI≥60 months could increase the proportion of cesarean section for women with a history of macrosomia ( OR=4.11, 95% CI: 1.18-14.27, P=0.026) and the risk of premature rupture of membranes for women without a history of macrosomia ( OR=1.46, 95% CI: 1.12-1.89, P=0.005). After stratified by history of premature delivery and adjusted for confounding factors, compared with women in the IPI of 24-59 months group, IPI≥60 months would significantly increase the risk of premature rupture of membranes for women without a history of premature delivery ( OR=1.47, 95% CI: 1.13-1.92, P=0.004). Conclusions:Both IPI≥60 months and <18 months would increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in the subsequent pregnancy. Healthcare education and consultation should be conducted for women of reproductive age to maintain an appropriate IPI when they plan to pregnant again, to reduce the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in the subsequent pregnancy.

Background: Garlic oil is a rich source of organosulfur compounds including diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide. There have been studies showing the neuroprotective actions of these organosulfur compounds. However, the potential of these organosulfur compounds in neuropathic pain has not been explored. The present study was aimed at investigating the pain attenuating potential of diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide in chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain in rats. The study also explored their pain-attenuating mechanisms through modulation of H2S, brain-derived neurotrophin factor (BDNF) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Methods: The rats were subjected to CCI injury by ligating the sciatic nerve in four places. The development of neuropathic pain was measured by assessing mechanical hyperalgesia (Randall–Selittotest), mechanical allodynia (Von Frey test), and cold allodynia (acetone drop test) on 14th day after surgery. Results: Administration of diallyl disulfide (25 and 50 mg/kg) and diallyl trisulfide (20 and 40 mg/kg) for 14 days led to a significant reduction in pain in CCI-subjected rats. Moreover, treatment with these organosulfur compounds led to the restoration of H2S, BDNF and Nrf2 levels in the sciatic nerve and dorsal root ganglia. Coadministration of ANA-12 (BDNF blocker) abolished pain attenuating actions as well as BDNF and the Nrf2 restorative actions of diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide, without modulating H2S levels. Conclusions Diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide have the potential to attenuate neuropathic pain in CCI-subjected rats possibly through activation of H2S-BDNF-Nrf2 signaling pathway.