Objective:To establish a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for determining the content of levonorgestrel (LNG) and ethinylestradiol (EE) in compound levonorgestrel sustained-release microsphere injection.Methods:C18 column Inertsil ODS-3 (4.7 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) was used. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-water (50∶50, V/V). The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. The column temperature was 35 ℃. The detection wavelength was 265 nm, and the injection amount was 20 μL. The content of microspheres was determined after validation of HPLC detection methodology.Results:The linear relationship was good in the range of 5.03-201.20 μg/mL LNG, 1.55-61.92 μg/mL EE ( r2=0.999 8). The specificity, precision, recovery, repeatability, stability, etc, met the requirements. The content of LNG in the compound LNG sustained-release microspheres injection was 16.26%, and the content of EE was 2.58%. Conclusion:This HPLC can determine the content of compound levonorgestrel sustained-release injection microspheres, and the method is simple, stable, and has good reproducibility, providing a reference for the determination of levonorgestrel and ethinylestradiol in compound sustained-release preparations.

Objective:To establish a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for determining the content of levonorgestrel (LNG) and ethinylestradiol (EE) in compound levonorgestrel sustained-release microsphere injection.Methods:C18 column Inertsil ODS-3 (4.7 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) was used. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-water (50∶50, V/V). The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. The column temperature was 35 ℃. The detection wavelength was 265 nm, and the injection amount was 20 μL. The content of microspheres was determined after validation of HPLC detection methodology.Results:The linear relationship was good in the range of 5.03-201.20 μg/mL LNG, 1.55-61.92 μg/mL EE ( r2=0.999 8). The specificity, precision, recovery, repeatability, stability, etc, met the requirements. The content of LNG in the compound LNG sustained-release microspheres injection was 16.26%, and the content of EE was 2.58%. Conclusion:This HPLC can determine the content of compound levonorgestrel sustained-release injection microspheres, and the method is simple, stable, and has good reproducibility, providing a reference for the determination of levonorgestrel and ethinylestradiol in compound sustained-release preparations.

Ampelopsis grossedentata as a traditional medicinal plant， has many pharmacological effects. Pharmacological effects and possible mechanisms are summarized in this paper based on the research progress of A. grossedentata at home and abroad in recent years， involving digestive system （treating liver injury and improving intestinal flora imbalance）， endocrine system （treating hyperglycemia， hyperlipidemia and hyperuricemia）， cardiovascular system （treating hypertension， vascular injury， myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and myocardial hypertrophy）， immune system （anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor） and nervous system （adjuvant treatment for chronic degenerative diseases）. By summarizing the animal acute toxicity test， long-term toxicity test and cell test results of A. grossedentata in the literature， it is confirmed that its safety is good.

Nowadays, the aging of China's population is becoming increasingly serious, and fertility of women under the national three-child policy is declining, both middle-aged and elderly women and women of childbearing age are facing reproductive health problems. Traditional oral preparations have a short acting time and some varieties have low bioavailability problems, while the long-acting sustained-release preparations have the advantages of convenient use, stable blood drug concentration and higher safety. Their development provides theoretical basis and technical support for the development and application of reproductive contraceptives. In the decades of research, a variety of different drug delivery systems have been born. Among them, the polymer-based membrane-controlled reservoir preparations, as a common drug sustained-release system, is mostly used in reproductive health and has broad market prospects. In this paper, polymer-based membrane-controlled reservoir drug delivery systems in the field of reproductive health was briefly reviewed, and four key issues including polymer material selection, in vitro drug release model, preparation types and research progress, and challenges were discussed, which can provide reference for the development of related contraceptives in the future.

Nowadays, the aging of China's population is becoming increasingly serious, and fertility of women under the national three-child policy is declining, both middle-aged and elderly women and women of childbearing age are facing reproductive health problems. Traditional oral preparations have a short acting time and some varieties have low bioavailability problems, while the long-acting sustained-release preparations have the advantages of convenient use, stable blood drug concentration and higher safety. Their development provides theoretical basis and technical support for the development and application of reproductive contraceptives. In the decades of research, a variety of different drug delivery systems have been born. Among them, the polymer-based membrane-controlled reservoir preparations, as a common drug sustained-release system, is mostly used in reproductive health and has broad market prospects. In this paper, polymer-based membrane-controlled reservoir drug delivery systems in the field of reproductive health was briefly reviewed, and four key issues including polymer material selection, in vitro drug release model, preparation types and research progress, and challenges were discussed, which can provide reference for the development of related contraceptives in the future.

Objective:To investigate the effect of gonadotropin (Gn) on embryo aneuploidy rate and pregnancy outcome during preimplanptation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) cycles.Methods:The clinical data of patients undergoing PGT-A cycle at the First Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital from January 1, 2013 to May 31, 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into younger patient group (<35 years old) and elder patient group (≥35 years old) by maternal age, then divided into two groups in line with Gn dosage (≤2 250 U, >2 250 U), and into four groups by number of oocytes retrieved (1-5, 6-10, 11-15 and ≥16 oocytes). The embryo aneuploidy rate and pregnancy outcome between the groups were compared. Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between the cumulative amount of Gn, embryo aneuploidy rate and live-birth rate.Results:A total of 402 cycles (338 patients) and 1 883 embryos were included in the study. (1) In the younger patients, the aneuploidy rate was 52.5% (304/579) in the group of Gn≤2 250 U and 48.6% (188/387) in the group of Gn >2 250 U, with no significant difference between them ( P=0.232). In the elderly patients, the difference in embryo aneuploidy rate between the two Gn group [57.9% (208/359) versus 60.6% (319/526)] was not statistically significant ( P=0.420). (2) The embryonic aneuploidy rate in different protocol of ovary stimulation was analyzed,in the younger group, the embryonic aneuploidy rate in patients using antagonist long protocol was 50.3% (158/314), it was 50.0% (121/242) in agonist long protocol, 52.1% (207/397) in agonist short protocol and 6/13 in luteal phase protocol, no statistical difference was found in above groups ( P=0.923); in the elder group, embryonic aneuploidy rate was 60.8% (191/314) in antagonist protocol, 58.4% (132/226) in agonist long protocol, 59.2%(199/336) in agonist short protocol, 5/9 in luteal phase protocol, respectively,no significant difference was found ( P=0.938). (3) In the younger patients, the aneuploidy rate in 1-5 oocytes group, 6-10 oocytes group, 11-15 oocytes group and ≥16 oocytes group was 37.9% (11/29), 54.0% (94/174), 52.5% (104/198) and 50.1% (283/565) respectively, no significant difference was found between the groups ( P=0.652); while in the elder patients, the difference between aneuploidy rate in each retrieved oocytes group [73.6% (89/121), 57.5% (119/207), 56.3% (108/192), 57.8% (211/365)] was statistically significant ( P=0.046). (4) Logistic regression analysis of age, cumulative dosage of Gn, number of oocytes obtained, and embryo aneuploidy rate showed that there was no association between the amount of Gn and embryo aneuploidy rate ( P>0.05); the increase in maternal age would increase the risk of aneuploidy rate of embryos, which was statistically significant ( OR=1.031, 95 %CI: 1.010-1.054, P=0.004); the increase in oocytes retrived would significantly decrease the risk of aneuploidy ( OR=0.981, 95 %CI: 0.971-0.991, P<0.01). (5) There was no significant difference in biochemical pregnancy rate [55.6% (80/144) versus 52.1% (63/121)], clinical pregnancy rate [50.0% (72/144) versus 47.9% (58/121)] and live-birth rate [46.5% (67/144) versus 40.5% (49/121)] between different Gn dosage groups ( P=0.613, P=0.738, P=0.324). The logistic regression analysis showed that the maternal age, the cumulative dosage of Gn, the number of oocytes obtained, and the ovarian stimulation protocol had no effect on the live-birth rate (all P>0.05). Conclusions:In PGT-A cycle, the dosage of Gn has no association with the embryo aneuploidy rate and pregnancy outcome. In the patients ≥35 years old, the increase in number of oocytes obtained may decrease the risk of aneuploidy. Age is an important factor affecting the embryo aneuploidy in PGT-A cycle.

Background: Zhongyi paste is a traditional Chinese medicine herbal paste that is externally applied to reduce inflammation and relieve pain. Methods: An acute foot swelling inflammation model in C57BL/6J mice was established by carrageenan-induced pathogenesis. Zhongyi paste raised the pain threshold and also reduced the degree of swelling in mice with carrageenan-induced foot swelling. Results: Analysis indicated that serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) cytokine levels and PGE2levels in the paw tissue of the mice were decreased by Zhongyi paste treatment. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot results showed that Zhongyi paste downregulated the mRNA and protein expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and also downregulated the mRNA expression of PGE2 . At the same time, the Zhongyi paste exerted a stronger effect as an external drug than that of indomethacin, which is an oral drug, and voltaren, which is an externally applied drug. Conclusions Our results indicated that Zhongyi paste is a very effective drug to reduce inflammatory swelling of the foot, and its mechanism of action is related to regulation of the ERK1/2–COX-2–PGE2 pathway.