ObjectiveBased on traditional quality evaluation of Gardeniae Fructus（GF） recorded in historical materia medica， this study systematically compared the quality differences between wild and cultivated GF from morphological characteristics， microscopic features， and contents of primary and secondary metabolites. MethodsVernier calipers and analytical balances were used to measure the length， diameter and individual fruit weight of wild and cultivated GF， and the aspect ratio was calculated. A colorimeter was used to determine the chromaticity value of wild and cultivated GF， and the paraffin sections of them were prepared by safranin-fast green staining and examined under an optical microscope to observe their microstructure. Subsequently， the contents of water-soluble and alcohol-soluble extracts of wild and cultivated GF were detected by hot immersion method under the general rule 2201 in volume Ⅳ of the 2020 edition of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China， the starch content was measured by anthrone colorimetric method， the content of total polysaccharides was determined by phenol-sulfuric acid colorimetric method， the sucrose content was determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection（HPLC-ELSD）， and the contents of representative components in them were measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography（UPLC）. Finally， correlation analysis was conducted between quality traits and phenotypic traits， combined with multivariate statistical analysis methods such as principal component analysis（PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA）， key differential components between wild and cultivated GF were screened. ResultsIn terms of traits， the wild GF fruits were smaller， exhibiting reddish yellow or brownish red hues with significant variation between batches. While the cultivated GF fruits are larger， displaying deeper orange-red or brownish red. The diameter and individual fruit weight of cultivated GF were significantly greater than those of wild GF， while the blue-yellow value（b^*） of wild GF was significantly higher than that of cultivated GF. In the microstructure， the mesocarp of wild GF contained numerous scattered calcium oxalate cluster crystals， while the endocarp contained stone cell class round， polygonal or tangential prolongation， undeveloped seeds were visible within the fruit. In contrast， the mesocarp of cultivated GF contained few calcium oxalate cluster crystals， or some batches exhibited extremely numerous cluster crystals. The stone cells in the endocarp were predominantly round-like， with the innermost layer arranged in a grid pattern. Seeds were basically mature， and only a few immature seeds existed in some batches. Regarding primary metabolite content， wild GF exhibited significantly higher total polysaccharide level than cultivated GF（P<0.01）. In category-specific component content， wild GF exhibited significantly higher levels of total flavonoids and total polyphenols compared to cultivated GF（P<0.01）. Analysis of 12 secondary metabolites revealed that wild GF exhibited significantly higher levels of Shanzhiside， deacetyl asperulosidic acid methyl ester， gardenoside and chlorogenic acid compared to cultivated GF（P<0.01）. Conversely， the contents of genipin 1-gentiobioside， geniposide and genipin were significantly lower in wild GF（P<0.01）. ConclusionThere are significant differences between wild and cultivated GF in terms of traits， microstructure， and contents of primary and secondary metabolites. At present， the quality evaluation system of cultivated GF remains incomplete， and this study provides a reference for guiding the production of high-quality GF medicinal materials.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate possible serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] cutoffs for the associations between 25(OH)D and Bone turnover markers (BTMs), and how GC gene variation influences such cutoffs in Chinese women of childbearing age. METHODS: In total, 1,505 non-pregnant or non-lactating women (18-45 years) were recruited from the 2015 Chinese Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance. Serum 25(OH)D, osteocalcin (OC), procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), β-CrossLaps of type 1 collagen containing cross-linked C-telopeptide (β-CTX), and single nucleotide polymorphisms were determined. Locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplot and segmented regression were performed to estimate the 25(OH)D thresholds. RESULTS: The median serum 25(OH)D was 16.63 (11.96-22.55) ng/mL and the prevalence of low serum 25(OH)D (< 12 ng/mL) was 25.2%. Women with the lowest 25(OH)D had the highest β-CTX. After adjustment for the confounders, 25(OH)D cutoffs for OC [14.04 (12.84-15.23) ng/mL], β-CTX [13.94 (12.49-15.39) ng/mL], and P1NP [13.87 (12.37-15.37) ng/mL] in the whole population, cutoffs for OC [12.30 (10.68-13.91) ng/mL], β-CTX [12.23 (10.22-14.23) ng/mL], and P1NP [11.85 (10.40-13.31) ng/mL] in women with the GC rs2282679 G allele, and cutoffs for OC [12.75 (11.81-13.68) ng/mL], β-CTX [13.05 (11.78-14.32) ng/mL], and P1NP [12.81 (11.57-14.06) ng/mL] in women with the GC rs2282679 T allele, were observed. Below these cutoffs, BTMs were negatively associated with 25(OH)D, while above these cutoffs, BTMs plateaued. CONCLUSION In Chinese women of childbearing age, there were thresholds effect of serum 25(OH)D concentrations on BTMs. The results indicated that serum 25(OH)D concentrations < 13.87 ng/mL in this population had adverse influences on maintaining bone remodeling. BTMs were suppressed at a relatively lower serum 25(OH)D in women with the GC rs2282679 G allele compared with those with the T allele.
Humans ; Female ; Vitamin D/blood* ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; China ; Biomarkers/blood* ; Bone Remodeling/genetics* ; Vitamin D-Binding Protein/genetics* ; Procollagen/blood* ; Osteocalcin/blood* ; Peptide Fragments/blood* ; East Asian People

Reducing the consumption of attentional resources and improving human performance in dynamic visual sustained attention tasks is a key issue in sustained attention research. The multiple object tracking (MOT) task is a widely used paradigm for studying individual sustained attention. In a classic MOT paradigm, observers need to maintain their attention on specific targets among a set of distractors and track their movement. To further utilize attentional resources and improve tracking performance, researchers have proposed studying the additivity problem of grouping effects in attention tracking. Grouping effects during MOT is the phenomenon that moving items can be perceived into larger moving units based on featural cues of themselves or task requirements. This article reviewed previous studies about attention resources, classification, additivity, and neural mechanisms of grouping effects in MOT. Based on previous research, we concluded that grouping effects in MOT can be classified into three categories, i.e., spatiotemporal-based grouping, object-based grouping, and feature-based grouping, according to different grouping cues (spatiotemporal continuity, global perception and organization of objects, and surface featural similarity). Grouping based on multiple cues will produce greater effects compared with one cue, this is the additive effect. The study of additivity is important for understanding the cognitive mechanisms of different grouping effects, the attentional mechanisms, and resource allocation in individual dynamic visual tracking. This study summarized previous behavioral and neuroimaging research and systematically explored the non-additivity based on different surface features and the additivity based on surface features and specific spatiotemporal features. Exploring the mechanism of additivity effects provides us with new insight into understanding grouping effects. For future studies, researchers need to thoroughly investigate the neural mechanisms of different kinds of groupings. This can not only provide explanations for the additivity of groupings but also provide substantial evidence for the classification of groupings.

OBJECTIVE: To compare and analyze the early clinical effect of direct superior approach(DSA) and posterior lateral approach (PLA) in hemiarthroplasty for elderly patients with femoral neck fracture. METHODS: The clinical data of 72 elderly patients with femoral neck fracture who underwent hemiarthroplasty from January 2020 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 36 patients were operated through minimally invasive DSA including 10 males and 26 females with an average age of (82.82±4.05) years old; the other 36 patients underwent traditional PLA including 14 males and 22 females with an average age of (82.79±3.21) years old. The perioperative related indexes and Harris scores during follow-up between two groups were compared. RESULTS: Comparison of operation time between two groups, (79.41±17.39) min of DSA group was shorter than(98.45±26.58) min of PLA group;incision length (8.33±2.69) cm was shorter than (11.18±1.33) cm of PLA group;intraoperative blood loss (138.46±71.58) ml was less than (173.51±87.17) ml of PLA group, initial landing time (3.04±0.95) d was earlier than (4.52±1.10) d of PLA group, hospitalization time (8.70±1.89) d was shorter than (10.67±2.35) d of PLA group(P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in Harris score between two groups before operation(P>0.05), but Harris score in DSA group was higher than that of PLA group at 1 month after operation(P<0.05), but at 12 months after operation, the difference was not statistically significant between two groups(P>0.05). CONCLUSION Compared with PLA, DSA is superior in clinical indexes such as operation time, intraoperative blood loss, incision length, first landing time, length of hospitalization and Harris score in the first month after operation in hemi hip replacement, and has comparative advantages in promoting early postoperative rehabilitation of elderly patients with femoral neck.
Male ; Female ; Humans ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Blood Loss, Surgical ; Hemiarthroplasty ; Retrospective Studies ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip ; Femoral Neck Fractures/surgery* ; Treatment Outcome

Based on the dual needs of analgesia and anti-inflammation in trauma treatment, this study uses acetaminophen and moxifloxacin hydrochloride as active pharmaceutical ingredients and develops a composite bilayer tablet with a dual-phase drug release system by using binder jet 3D printing technology. Due to the complexity of the 3D printing process, there is an interaction between the various parameters. Through the optimization of the process, the relationship between the key process parameters can be determined more intuitively. In this study, the process of extended-release tablets was optimized to maintain the mechanical properties of the tablets while realizing the regulation of release. The full-factor experimental design of three central points 2³ was used to analyze the factors that significantly affect the quality attributes of extended-release tablets and the interaction between factors. The optimal extended-release process parameters were obtained by the response optimizer: the inkjet quantity of the printing ink was 10 (about 13.8 pL), the powder thickness was 180 μm, and the running speed was 360 mm·s^-1. The in vitro of release of 3D printed composite bilayer tablets showed that the in vitro of release of 3D printed tablets and commercially available tablets conformed to the Ritger-Peppas release model. The results of porosity showed that the immediate-release layer of the preparation has many pores and large pore size, and the dissolution of the immediate release layer within 15 min was greater than 85%. The internal pore size of the extended release layer is large, but it can still release slowly for up to 8 h, the mechanism may be related to the extended release of HPMC gelation. On the basis of verifying the rationality of the design goal of 3D printed composite bilayer tablets, this study also provides a theoretical basis for the preparation of 3D printing complex preparations.

The recycling of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） wastes is an important research topic to be solved urgently in the industrialization of TCM resources. Rhei Radix et Rhizoma is a bulk Chinese herb mainly derived from Rheum palmatum，R. tanguticum，and R. officinale. At present，these three medicinal plants have been cultivated on a large scale and widely used in the fields of medicine，health care，food，cosmetics，and veterinary medicine，with an annual demand of more than 5 500 tons（1 ton=1 000 kg）. However，a large number of wastes such as non-medicinal parts and residues produced in the production and deep processing are discarded because there is no effective way of utilization，resulting in serious waste of resources and environmental pollution. The non-medicinal parts contain not only the chemical components and pharmacological effects similar to those of roots and rhizomes but also a variety of amino acids，mineral elements，and conventional nutrients. They have a long history of use，and the content of some resource components is higher than that in roots and rhizomes. In particular，their stems and leaves exhibit great potential to be consumed as food and medicine due to high safety. Besides，the content of anthraquinones in Rhei Radix et Rhizoma residue is high and it possesses good antibacterial activity. It can be seen that the waste from the industrialization of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma has high utilization value. Hence，based on the relevant literature and investigation on the application of producing areas in China and abroad，the paper summarized the utilization status of their medicinal and non-medicinal parts，the waste production in the industrialization，as well as the active substances and utilization ways and put forward the multi-level and multi-path utilization strategy of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma wastes，in order to provide reference for the rational development and application of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma resources and promote the effective utilization and green development of the corresponding wastes.

Adult ; Aged ; Alanine Transaminase ; blood ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; blood ; epidemiology ; China ; epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome ; blood ; epidemiology ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors

Boiling processing is commonly used in post-harvest handling of White Paeony Root (WPR), in order to whiten the herbal materials and preserve the bright color, since such WPR is empirically considered to possess a higher quality. The present study was designed to investigate whether and how the boiling processing affects overall quality of WPR. First, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach coupled with multivariate statistical analysis was developed to compare the holistic quality of boiled and un-boiled WPR samples. Second, ten major components in WPR samples boiled for different durations were quantitatively determined using high performance liquid chromatography to further explore the effects of boiling time on the holistic quality of WPR, meanwhile the appearance of the processed herbal materials was observed. The results suggested that the boiling processing conspicuously affected the holistic quality of WPR by simultaneously and inconsistently altering the chemical compositions and that short-time boiling processing between 2 and 10 min could both make the WPR bright-colored and improve the contents of major bioactive components, which were not achieved either without boiling or with prolonged boiling. In conclusion, short-term boiling (2-10 min) is recommended for post-harvest handling of WPR.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; standards ; Hot Temperature ; Mass Spectrometry ; methods ; Paeonia ; chemistry ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; Water

Adult ; Aged ; Aneurysm ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Computed Tomography Angiography ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Splenic Artery ; pathology

The prevalence of hypertensive disorders in China was much higher than that in the United States. Considering the large population with wide geographic area of China, we aimed to add more information regarding the risk factors for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. A case-control study was performed on 373 hypertensive cases and 507 normotensive controls. Participants were recruited from 2008 to 2014 in Yichang Maternal and Child Health Care Center in Hubei province and Anyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital in Henan province, China. Socio-demographic factors, family- related factors, pregnancy-associated factors, factors related to daily life behaviors and psychosocial factors were investigated with respect to hypertensive disorders in pregnancy through well-designed questionnaire. Chi-square test, t-test, univariate logistic regression analysis, and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to find the possible risk factors behind hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. The results showed that family history of cardiovascular diseases (OR=6.18, 95% CI, 2.37 to 16.14), history of pregnancy-induced hypertension (OR=16.64, 95% CI, 5.74 to 48.22), low maternal educational level (OR=2.81, 95% CI, 1.30 to 6.04), and poor relationship with their parents-in-law (OR=3.44, 95% CI, 1.55 to 7.59) had statistically significant associations with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy through multivariate logistic regression analysis. Increased maternal age, increased pre-pregnancy body mass index, living in rural area, low paternal education level, family history of hypertension, passive smoking one year before and/or in pregnancy, and poor sleeping quality were significantly associated with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy from univariate logistic regression analysis while the associations became uncertain when they were entered for multivariate logistic regression analysis. It was concluded that family history of cardiovascular diseases, history of pregnancy-induced hypertension, low maternal educational level, and poor relationship with their parents-in-law were independent risk factors for hypertensive disorders among Chinese pregnant women.
Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; epidemiology ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular ; epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Young Adult