Objective: To explain process of developing basic veterinary clinical performance guidelines, based on frequently observable clinical manifestations, thereby supporting competencybased veterinary education in Korea. Methods: A structured review of learning outcomes established by Korean Association of Veterinary Medical Colleges (KAVMC) was conducted by a planning committee including veterinary educators, practitioners, and advisory members. Owner-oriented descriptions were used to frame each performance task, and each was mapped to corresponding learning outcomes. These tasks were aligned with learning outcomes recommended by the KAVMC to support the development of communication, clinical reasoning, and performance-related competencies among veterinary students, thereby enhancing day-one clinical readiness. Results: In total, 63 clinical manifestations for a guidebook format that can be used for clinical education were identified and categorized by organ systems that are described in language understandable to animal owners. Conclusions and Relevance: The basic veterinary clinical performance guidelines based on common clinical manifestations would serve as a vital component in veterinary education to reinforce core graduation competencies.

We investigated the stress-induced changes in the lipid and hormonal concentrations in plasma, including cytochrome P450 (CYP)-derived oxidative stress in the liver, and the anti-stresseffect of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) water extract in mice. Stress induction using restraint increased the levels of corticosterone (CORT), glucose, total cholesterol (TC), and low-den-sity lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) while decreasing in the levels of insulin and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), compared with those of unstressed mice. Restraint-stress also increased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plasma by 5.4-fold. More-over, the stress resulted in a 2.8-fold higher production of C-reactive protein (CRP) than the control group. In addition, the catalytic activities of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 in the liver micro-somes were stimulated by 5.5- and 3.8-fold, respectively, and concomitant ROS formation was elevated by 4.3-fold in the liver extract, compared to the normal group. In contrast, the KRG treatment (5, 20, or 50 mg/kg/day) to stress-exposed 3 groups alleviated the increased CORT, TC, LDL-C, ROS, and CRP levels and restored the decreased insulin concentrations.The enhanced each ROS in the plasma and liver, and the CYP enzyme activities were also attenuated in KRG-treated mice in a concentration-dependent manner. In conclusion, these results suggest that KRG ameliorates stress-induced detrimental effects on the plasma and liver of treated mice.

We investigated the stress-induced changes in the lipid and hormonal concentrations in plasma, including cytochrome P450 (CYP)-derived oxidative stress in the liver, and the anti-stresseffect of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) water extract in mice. Stress induction using restraint increased the levels of corticosterone (CORT), glucose, total cholesterol (TC), and low-den-sity lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) while decreasing in the levels of insulin and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), compared with those of unstressed mice. Restraint-stress also increased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plasma by 5.4-fold. More-over, the stress resulted in a 2.8-fold higher production of C-reactive protein (CRP) than the control group. In addition, the catalytic activities of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 in the liver micro-somes were stimulated by 5.5- and 3.8-fold, respectively, and concomitant ROS formation was elevated by 4.3-fold in the liver extract, compared to the normal group. In contrast, the KRG treatment (5, 20, or 50 mg/kg/day) to stress-exposed 3 groups alleviated the increased CORT, TC, LDL-C, ROS, and CRP levels and restored the decreased insulin concentrations.The enhanced each ROS in the plasma and liver, and the CYP enzyme activities were also attenuated in KRG-treated mice in a concentration-dependent manner. In conclusion, these results suggest that KRG ameliorates stress-induced detrimental effects on the plasma and liver of treated mice.

We investigated the stress-induced changes in the lipid and hormonal concentrations in plasma, including cytochrome P450 (CYP)-derived oxidative stress in the liver, and the anti-stresseffect of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) water extract in mice. Stress induction using restraint increased the levels of corticosterone (CORT), glucose, total cholesterol (TC), and low-den-sity lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) while decreasing in the levels of insulin and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), compared with those of unstressed mice. Restraint-stress also increased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plasma by 5.4-fold. More-over, the stress resulted in a 2.8-fold higher production of C-reactive protein (CRP) than the control group. In addition, the catalytic activities of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 in the liver micro-somes were stimulated by 5.5- and 3.8-fold, respectively, and concomitant ROS formation was elevated by 4.3-fold in the liver extract, compared to the normal group. In contrast, the KRG treatment (5, 20, or 50 mg/kg/day) to stress-exposed 3 groups alleviated the increased CORT, TC, LDL-C, ROS, and CRP levels and restored the decreased insulin concentrations.The enhanced each ROS in the plasma and liver, and the CYP enzyme activities were also attenuated in KRG-treated mice in a concentration-dependent manner. In conclusion, these results suggest that KRG ameliorates stress-induced detrimental effects on the plasma and liver of treated mice.

Canine mammary gland tumors (MGTs) pose a significant challenge due to their malignancy and the burden they place on the affected animals. Recent studies on human breast cancer have explored the potential of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen (CA) 15-3, and cancer antigen (CA) 27-29, which originate from the mammary gland or somewhere else, as an area of interest for early tumor detection. The use of ELISA measurements of CEA, CA 15-3, and CA 27-29 has shown promising diagnostic performance in detecting canine MGTs. Elevated levels of CEA were observed in both MGT and ovarian cancer patients, while increased levels of CA 15-3 and CA 27-29 were found only in MGT patients. This indicates that the combined use of these biomarkers through ELISA testing can effectively differentiate MGT from other tumors and may be useful in monitoring metastasis and recurrence of canine MGT. In terms of sensitivity and specificity, only CA 27-29 exhibited significant diagnostic performance in detecting and distinguishing MGT from other cancers. This underscores the need for further research to evaluate the diagnostic performance of CEA and CA 15-3 using a larger sample size. Considering the potential overlap of biomarkers associated with specific tumors in different organs, the combined application of tumor markers is crucial to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of cancer diagnosis. Therefore, this study underscores the potential use of combined biomarkers in veterinary medicine, aligning with the recent progress in the exploration of blood biomarkers in human oncology.

Two small-breed dogs were referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of Chonnam National University for the treatment of dentigerous cysts associated with the mandibular canines. In both cases, conscious oral examinations revealed progressive gingival swelling and dark blue discoloration around the unerupted left mandibular canines. Intraoral dental radiographs showed horizontally unerupted canines, fluid accumulation between the cyst-involved teeth and the alveolar bone, and significant alveolar bone loss. Surgical removal of the dentigerous cyst and the affected teeth can lead to complications, including mandibular fractures, particularly in small dogs due to the higher tooth root-to-mandible ratio. Guided bone regeneration (GBR) was employed in these cases to prevent these complications. The procedure involved placing bone xenografts into the extraction sockets of the left mandibular canine tooth, followed by covering the sockets with an absorbable collagen membrane. After surgery, the surgical site was successfully filled with bone graft material and newly formed bone with no complications. Thus, GBR proved to be an effective technique for preventing mandibular fractures and increasing stability in cases of severe alveolar bone loss in small-breed dogs.

Background: Chlorogenic acid (CGA) has been shown to reduce pro-inflammation by scavenging reactive oxy‑ gen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of CGA was expanded to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The inter-relationships among oxidative stress, pro-inflammation, and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A enzymes were also investigated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of STZdiabetic rats. Results: The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, increased by approximately 3.4- and 2.9-fold, respectively, and the albumin concentration decreased in the serum of STZ-induced diabetic rats compared to normal rats. The C-reactive protein (CRP) values also increased by about 3.8-fold higher, indicating that STZ induced an inflammation in the blood of STZ-diabetic rats. The expression levels and catalytic activities of CYP1A enzymes were elevated by approximately 2.2–2.5- and 4.3–6.7-fold, respectively, in the PBMC of STZ-treated rats. A decrease in the amount of PBMC-bound albumin was also observed. In contrast, the levels of cytokines and CRP in serum and the activities of CYP1A enzymes in PBMC were significantly reduced in CGA-treated diabetic rats in a CGA concentration-dependent manner. In addition, STZ-mediated elevation of ROS in serum and PBMC was decreased by the CGA administration. However, the CGA treatment did not change the enhanced blood glucose level and expression of CYP1A enzymes by STZ. STZ-mediated decrease in the levels of serum and PBMCbound albumin was not also restored by the CGA administration. Conclusions These results suggest that CGA could be used to treat type 1 diabetes-induced inflammation.

Background/Aims: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a relatively new ablation method. However, the application of IRE ablation in the treatment of biliary disease has not been attempted. A minimally invasive approach using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) can be a novel therapeutic modality for IRE ablation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the feasibility of endoscopic IRE for the biliary tract using an animal model. Methods: A new catheter-type electrode was developed for endoscopic IRE ablation of the biliary tract. We performed ERCP and endoscopic IRE ablations in the normal common bile duct of Yorkshire pigs. The experimental setting of IRE was 500 V/cm (50 pulses, 100-µs length). The animals were sacrificed after 24 hr, and the ablated bile duct was examined. Results: Well-demarcated focal color changes were observed on the mucosa of the common bile duct. The depth of change after IRE was confined to the mucosal and submucosal layers. Apoptotic changes in the bile duct were observed only around the IRE ablation area. Immunohistochemistry assay showed cell death in the bile duct along the electrode. Conclusions Endoscopic IRE ablation using ERCP was successfully performed in the common bile duct. It can be a potential option for the treatment of biliary tumors.

Although surgery was the standard treatment for early gastrointestinal cancers, endoscopic resection is now a standard treatment for early gastrointestinal cancers without regional lymph node metastasis. High-definition white light endoscopy, chromoendoscopy, and image-enhanced endoscopy such as narrow band imaging are performed to assess the edge and depth of early gastrointestinal cancers for delineation of resection boundaries and prediction of the possibility of lymph node metastasis before the decision of endoscopic resection. Endoscopic mucosal resection and/or endoscopic submucosal dissection can be performed to remove early gastrointestinal cancers completely by en bloc fashion. Histopathological evaluation should be carefully made to investigate the presence of risk factors for lymph node metastasis such as depth of cancer invasion and lymphovascular invasion. Additional treatment such as radical surgery with regional lymphadenectomy should be considered if the endoscopically resected specimen shows risk factors for lymph node metastasis. This is the first Korean clinical practice guideline for endoscopic resection of early gastrointestinal cancer. This guideline was developed by using mainly de novo methods and encompasses endoscopic management of superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, early gastric cancer, and early colorectal cancer. This guideline will be revised as new data on early gastrointestinal cancer are collected.

Background/Aims: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a relatively new ablation method. However, the application of IRE ablation in the treatment of biliary disease has not been attempted. A minimally invasive approach using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) can be a novel therapeutic modality for IRE ablation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the feasibility of endoscopic IRE for the biliary tract using an animal model. Methods: A new catheter-type electrode was developed for endoscopic IRE ablation of the biliary tract. We performed ERCP and endoscopic IRE ablations in the normal common bile duct of Yorkshire pigs. The experimental setting of IRE was 500 V/cm (50 pulses, 100-µs length). The animals were sacrificed after 24 hr, and the ablated bile duct was examined. Results: Well-demarcated focal color changes were observed on the mucosa of the common bile duct. The depth of change after IRE was confined to the mucosal and submucosal layers. Apoptotic changes in the bile duct were observed only around the IRE ablation area. Immunohistochemistry assay showed cell death in the bile duct along the electrode. Conclusions Endoscopic IRE ablation using ERCP was successfully performed in the common bile duct. It can be a potential option for the treatment of biliary tumors.