Pediatric and adolescent thyroid cancer is a rare malignant tumor with etiology,clinical-pathological features,and prognosis dif-fering from adult thyroid cancer,exhibiting an increasing incidence over the years.Compared to adults,children and adolescents are more sensitive to radiation,making it a definite risk factor for the development of thyroid cancer in this population.Radiation primarily originates from nuclear accidents and medical exposure.This review comprehensively explores the molecular changes induced by radiation leading to thyroid cancer in children and adolescents,aiming to raise awareness of the hazards posed by radiation to the thyroid health of this specific age group.The in-depth analysis provided in this medical review serves as a valuable reference for gaining insights into the disease mechan-ism and guiding future research endeavors.

Objective:To evaluate the clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid (PSCCT).Methods:We reported 16 cases who were operated on and histologically diagnosed with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid from Jan 2012 to Dec 2016.Results:Among the 16 patients with PSCCT,there were 10 females (62%) and 6 males (38%),mean age was (58.13±11.21) years old. Univariate analysis showed that gender ( χ2=4.367, P=0.037), tumor size ( χ2=5.630, P=0.018) and radical surgery ( χ2=11.123, P=0.001) were important predictive factors for overall survival.COX regressing analysis showed radical surgery was independent prognostic factors ( P=0.034). Conclusions:PSCCT is a rare thyroid cancer with an aggressive nature and poor prognosis. Radical surgery was associated with a fair outcome.

Objective:To evaluate the clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid (PSCCT).Methods:We reported 16 cases who were operated on and histologically diagnosed with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid from Jan 2012 to Dec 2016.Results:Among the 16 patients with PSCCT,there were 10 females (62%) and 6 males (38%),mean age was (58.13±11.21) years old. Univariate analysis showed that gender ( χ2=4.367, P=0.037), tumor size ( χ2=5.630, P=0.018) and radical surgery ( χ2=11.123, P=0.001) were important predictive factors for overall survival.COX regressing analysis showed radical surgery was independent prognostic factors ( P=0.034). Conclusions:PSCCT is a rare thyroid cancer with an aggressive nature and poor prognosis. Radical surgery was associated with a fair outcome.

Objective:To investigate clinicobiological characteristics and treatment principles of diffuse calcified variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma.Methods:Twenty one patients with diffuse calcified thyroid glands admitted to the Department of Head and Neck Surgery of Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital from Jan 2011 to Dec 2015 were enrolled in the study group. One humdred and five patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) confirmed by postoperative pathology (non-diffuse calcified thyroid nodules) during the corresponding period were included into the control group. The clinicobiological characteristics of different cases were analyzed by collecting the following information: gender, age, ultrasonic features, thyroid function, pathological type, lymph node metastasis, BRAF V600E mutation and follow-up.Results:No significant difference was found between the study group and the control group in gender, age or the number of patients complicated with Hashimoto′s thyroiditis; while there were significant differences in bilateral involvement of central lymph node metastasis, lateral neck lymph node metastasis and positive rate of BRAF V600E mutant protein expression in postoperative specimens ( P<0.01). As found by postoperative follow-up, there was no significant difference in the rate of neck lymph node recurrence between the two groups. Conclusions:Diffuse calcified variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma is a new subtype of PTC with unique clinicobiological characteristics, and more active clinical treatment programme should be adopted for the diffuse calcified thyroid carcinoma.

Objective To explore the clinico-pathological characteristics and treatment of thyroid carcinoma in patients under 14 years old.Method The clinical and pathological data of 61 children 14 years old or younger treated for differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) from Jan 2005 to Dec 2014 were retrospectively analyzed.Results There were 26 males and 35 females with the sex ratio of 1 ∶ 1.35.All the 61 patients underwent surgery including lobectomy for ipsilateral foci in 11 cases and total or near total thyroidectomy for bilateral or multi-foci in 50 cases.5 patients had not lymph node metastasis.56 patients had central compartment metastasis and 47 patients had lateral cervical lymph node metastasis.9 patients had distant metastasis and the affected organ was lung.Pathology for all the 61 patients was thyroid papillary carcinoma,35 patients were of highly invasive subtype.The median follow-up time was 3 years and 6 months (30-116 months) with a total survival rate of 100％ while 4 patients suffered from recurrence.Conclusions For below 14 years old DTC patients,the prognosis is better than in adults.The rate of bilateral lesions or multiple foci in ipsilateral lobe and central compartment lymph node or lateral neck lymph node metastasis was higher than in adults.Furthermore,highly invasively pathological subtype is more common in younger patients.

Objective To discuss the function and advantages of ultrasound technology in various factors in the diagnosis of vertebral artery stenosis lesions.Methods The objective data of ultrasonography were selected in 60 patients (120 vertebral arteries) with paroxysmal,reversible vertigo and headache as the chief complaint,the internal relations were summarized and analyzed.Results In the subjects of study,the vertebral artery stenosis for 38.2％,vertebral artery course tortuosity changer accounted for 33.3％,congenital abnormal development accounted for 9.8％,mixed cause 18.6％,dominant etiology was vertebral artery sclerosis and vertebral artery tortuosity change.Conclusion Ultrasound technology has important value of clinical application in the reasons diagnosis of vertebral artery stenosis disease,it can help extend clinical diagnosis.

Objective To investigate the correlation between iodine intake,BRAF mutation in thyroid gland and clinical biologic characteristics in papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC) cases.Methods A total of 159 PTC patients and 200 healthy controls were enrolled in this study.Urine iodine was tested,BRAFV600E mutation was detected by PCR.The correlation was analyzed between BRAF mutation and iodine intake,BRAF mutation and clinical biologic characteristics of PTC respectively.Results The median urinary iodine (MUI) of the patients and healthy controls was 336 μg/L and 196 μg/L respectively (P =0.004).The overall prevalence of the BRAFV600E mutation in this series of PTC was 63.5％,showing a clear correlation of BRAFV~E mutation with iodine intake (P =0.006).There was no correlation of BRAFV600E mutation with age,gender,tumor size,extrathyroid extension or nodulor goiter in PTC (P ＞ 0.05).But there was a significant association of BRAFV~E mutation with lymph node metastasis (P =0.008) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (P =0.037).Conclusions High iodine intake may be a risk factor for PTC occurrence.In PTC cases,high iodine intake may be a risk factor of BRAFV600E mutation.BRAFV600E mutations increase both in PTC with cervical lymph node metastases and uncoexisting Hashimoto' s thyroiditis.

Objective To observe the effect of hyperthyroidism decoction on thyroid hormone and thyroid pathological changes of ex-perimental hyperthyroid rats. Methods 40 rats were randomly divided into four groups: Normal group,hyperthyreosis model group, western drugs control group and hyperthyroidism decoction group. The model rats were constructed by drenching Youjiale. Hyperthyroidism decoction group were given hyperthyroidism decoction of respective dosage, western drugs control group were given propylthiouracil. The serum contents of T3, T4, FT3, FT4 and TSH were determined by radio-immunity method, the thyroid pathological changes effected by hyperthyroidism de-coction were observed. Results Compared with model group, the contents of serum T3, T4, FT3, FT4, of hyperthyroidism decoction group were decreased, while the contents of serum TSH were increased. Hyperthyroidism decoction may improve thyroid pathological changes of ex-perimental hyperthyroid rats. Conclusion Hyperthyroidism decoction can effectively improve the thyroid function of experimental hyperthy-roid rats.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ziying granule can protect the mice infected by colibacillus and staphylococcus aureus and increase animal survival rate. Conclusion Ziying granule has broad-bacteriostasis effect on common pathogenic bacteria in pelvic cavity.