Occupational exposure to ionizing radiation represents a critical factor contributing to health risks in workplaces. Previous experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated that ionizing radiation affects human health. Therefore, scientific assessment of health risk caused by ionizing radiation and effective protection against ionizing radiation are of great importance to formulate the preventive interventions against occupational exposure to ionizing radiation. This review summarizes the advances in the research on health effects, health risk assessment methods, and protective interventions of ionizing radiation. We call for research on the health effects of low-dose radiation, individual difference, and optimization of preventive strategies. In addition, improved mechanisms of health monitoring, periodical healthy examinations, and monitoring of radiation doses should be implemented. Moreover, strict compliance to operating procedures and occupational preventive interventions are recommended. These measures aim to minimize the potential harmlessness of occupational exposure to ionizing radiation, thereby safeguarding the health and safety of individuals exposed to ionizing radiation.

Objective To explore the reactive inhibition and electrophysiological changes under the GO/NOGO paradigm in patients with alcohol dependence (AD) in order to provide a theoretical basis for neuromechanism study of AD executive dysfunctions.Methods The GO/NOGO paradigm event related potentials (ERP) were tested in 51 AD patients and 29 healthy controls, this paradigm behavior and ERP-N1, N2 and P3 latency and amplitude were analyzed.ERPs and execution functions were followed at different time points of withdrawal(4, 9,13 weeks).Results The number of correct responses (29.18±3.03)lowered and error responses (5.16±3.77) heightened in AD patients, and differences had statistical significance compared with those in control group(32.35±2.58,3.19± 1.84, P＜0.05), and there was no group difference in response time.There was no statistical significance in group difference in N1 component under the GO/NOGO tasks and in P3 latency under GO.N2 ((3.48±2.21) μV, (4.49±3.00) pV) and P3 amplitude ((3.47±2.31) μV, (3.92±4.09) μV) decreased and N2 latency ((256.30±31.62) ms, (256.09±33.77)ms) prolonged in AD group under both GO/NOGO tasks and so did P3 latency ((355.33±25.96) ms) under the NOGO, and the differences had statistical significance.Group main effects in N2 and P3 component (P=0.000) and task main effects in N2 amplitude and P3 latency (P＜0.05) were significant,group and task interaction was significant only in P3 latency (P＜0.01).ERPs of AD patients had no notable changes at different time points of withdrawal, executive dysfunctions were the worst within the 1st week of withdrawal and gradually recovered to pre-withdrawal levels.Conclusion AD patients have lower reactive inhibition manifested mainly by weakened capacity to inhibit and adjust conflict monitor and pre-executive motor program, ERP and executive functions cannot be well improved during short-term withdrawal, and the GO/NOGO-ERP can completely reflect electrophysiological changes of reactive inhibition process of AD patients.

Objective To explore the characteristic of sleep disorders in the initial stage of withdrawal and their relationships with alcohol craving levels in alcohol dependence (AD) patients,and provide support for diagnosis and prevention of re-drinking.Methods Thirty-two AD inpatients were assigned to AD group and 20 male healthy volunteers to control group.Alcohol craving was assessed with the Pennsylvania Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) within the 2nd week after alcohol withdrawal for AD patients,and then the whole-night polysomnogram (PSG) tracings were conducted on the day of the night.Results The five item scores of the PACS were from 3.48 to 4.26 in AD patients.The sleep latency was(42.48±22.42) min,total sleep time was(289.61± 103.22)min,sleep efficiency was(71.45± 19.86) ％,S1 sleep was (23.47± 11.07) ％,arousal frequencies was (8.01 ± 2.77),S3+4 sleep was(6.26±5.35)％ in AD group.Compared with control group((19.65±8.57) min,(407.33±21.29) min,(81.52 ± 6.46) ％,(8.79± 1.83) ％,(2.17 ± 1.04),(15.87 ± 5.24) ％ respectively),the differences had statistical significances(t=2.206-9.082,P＜ 0.05-0.001).Alcohol craving levels were positively related to sleep latency,arousal frequencies and S1 sleep (r=0.424-0.898,P＜0.05-0.01) and negatively to total sleep time,sleep efficiency and S3+4 sleep (r=-0.416--0.662,P＜0.05-0.01) in AD group.Conclusion AD patients have sleep continuity and structure disturbances in the initial stage of alcohol withdrawal,sleep continuity and structure disturbances are related to alcohol craving.Improvements of sleep disorders should be paid during clinical alcohol dependence treatment.