Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome(PRRS),an infectious disease,poses a significant threat to the swine industry.The causative agent of the disease is porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV),which primarily infects porcine alveolar macrophages and destroys the immune system.In the absence of specific antiviral drugs targeting PRRSV,vacci-nation is of paramount importance for the prevention and control of this disease.Currently,there are numerous types of PRRS vaccines,such as attenuated live vaccines,inactivated vaccines,sub-unit vaccines,DNA vaccines,vector vaccines,and so forth.However,only attenuated live virus and inactivated virus vaccines are widely employed for the prevention and control of PRRS.Live vac-cines offer relatively better protection effects,but they have weak cross-protection and pose safety concerns.Inactivated vaccines are safe but have poor immunogenicity.This article conducts a com-prehensive review of the advantages,disadvantages,and applicability of PRRS vaccines,including attenuated live vaccines,inactivated vaccines,subunit vaccines,vector vaccines,DNA vaccines,mR-NA vaccines,virus-like particle vaccines,etc.,aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the research and development of the next generation of PRRS vaccines.

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy of different urinary diversions,specifically exploring whether the flap embedding technique can improve bladder cancer patients'quality of life and reduce the incidence of related complications.Methods 63 bladder cancer patients undergoing radical cystectomy with urinary diver-sion,between December 2022 and December 2023,were divided into three groups:Ileal conduit group(n=21),flap embedding technique group(n=21),and traditional cutaneous ureterostomy group(n=21).General clini-cal data,surgical data,preoperative and postoperative renal function indicators,incidence of complications within 6 months postoperatively,and quality of life scores were compared among the groups.Results The operative time in the ileal conduit group was longer than that in the other two groups(P<0.05).The quality of life scores in the flap embedding technique group were superior to those in the traditional cutaneous ureterostomy group(P<0.05),but no significant difference was found compared to the ileal conduit group(P>0.05).In terms of postoperative complications,the incidence of intestinal obstruction in the flap embedding technique group was lower than that in the ileal conduit group(P<0.05),and the rate of reinsertion of a single-J stent for hydronephrosis in the flap embedding technique group was lower than that in the traditional cutaneous ureterostomy group(P<0.05).Postop-erative serum creatinine levels in the traditional cutaneous ureterostomy group were significantly higher than preop-erative levels(P<0.05),while no significant differences in renal function indicators were observed in the other two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion The flap embedding technique significantly improves patients'quality of life and reduces the incidence of postoperative complications.It is worthy of further promotion in clinical practice.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome(PRRS),an infectious disease,poses a significant threat to the swine industry.The causative agent of the disease is porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV),which primarily infects porcine alveolar macrophages and destroys the immune system.In the absence of specific antiviral drugs targeting PRRSV,vacci-nation is of paramount importance for the prevention and control of this disease.Currently,there are numerous types of PRRS vaccines,such as attenuated live vaccines,inactivated vaccines,sub-unit vaccines,DNA vaccines,vector vaccines,and so forth.However,only attenuated live virus and inactivated virus vaccines are widely employed for the prevention and control of PRRS.Live vac-cines offer relatively better protection effects,but they have weak cross-protection and pose safety concerns.Inactivated vaccines are safe but have poor immunogenicity.This article conducts a com-prehensive review of the advantages,disadvantages,and applicability of PRRS vaccines,including attenuated live vaccines,inactivated vaccines,subunit vaccines,vector vaccines,DNA vaccines,mR-NA vaccines,virus-like particle vaccines,etc.,aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the research and development of the next generation of PRRS vaccines.

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy of different urinary diversions,specifically exploring whether the flap embedding technique can improve bladder cancer patients'quality of life and reduce the incidence of related complications.Methods 63 bladder cancer patients undergoing radical cystectomy with urinary diver-sion,between December 2022 and December 2023,were divided into three groups:Ileal conduit group(n=21),flap embedding technique group(n=21),and traditional cutaneous ureterostomy group(n=21).General clini-cal data,surgical data,preoperative and postoperative renal function indicators,incidence of complications within 6 months postoperatively,and quality of life scores were compared among the groups.Results The operative time in the ileal conduit group was longer than that in the other two groups(P<0.05).The quality of life scores in the flap embedding technique group were superior to those in the traditional cutaneous ureterostomy group(P<0.05),but no significant difference was found compared to the ileal conduit group(P>0.05).In terms of postoperative complications,the incidence of intestinal obstruction in the flap embedding technique group was lower than that in the ileal conduit group(P<0.05),and the rate of reinsertion of a single-J stent for hydronephrosis in the flap embedding technique group was lower than that in the traditional cutaneous ureterostomy group(P<0.05).Postop-erative serum creatinine levels in the traditional cutaneous ureterostomy group were significantly higher than preop-erative levels(P<0.05),while no significant differences in renal function indicators were observed in the other two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion The flap embedding technique significantly improves patients'quality of life and reduces the incidence of postoperative complications.It is worthy of further promotion in clinical practice.

Interleukin-17(IL-17)is an important pro-inflammatory cytokine that bridges innate and adaptive immunity,promoting protective immunity against pathogens,but also driving inflamma-tory pathology during infection and autoimmunity.IL-17 has important protective roles in a variety of bacterial zoonoses,but also promotes the development of inflammatory diseases in various organ tissues and is associated with autoimmune diseases induced by bacterial infections.Recent studies have shown that IL-17-secreting CD4+tissue-resident T memory cells play a key role in sustaining adaptive immunity to bacterial infections,and vaccine design strategies targeting IL-17 responses exhibit apparent advantages in improving vaccine efficacy.In this regard,this paper reviews the bio-logical functions of IL-17 and its roles in major bacterial zoonoses and related mechanisms,with the aim of providing a reference for the development of safe and effective IL-17-based immunother-apies.

[Objective] To explore the clinical application of cutaneous ureterostomy-flap embedding in radical cystectomy plus urinary diversion. [Methods] The clinical data of 10 patients with bladder cancer treated with this method in our hospital during Feb.and May 2023 were involved.Cutaneous ureterostomy-flap embedding was used in urinary diversion.The stoma-free rate and stenosis rate of stomas within 1 year postoperatively, differences in renal function indicators 1 day before operation and 1 year after operation, urinary diversion-related complications within 6 months postoperatively, including hydronephrosis, urinary tract infections, renal stones were analyzed. [Results] All surgeries were successfully completed.At 1 year postoperatively, renal function indicators showed no significant difference compared to preoperative levels (P>0.05). At 6 months postoperatively, 1 patient developed renal stones, successfully treated with surgery; 2 had urinary tract infection, recovered after antibiotic treatment; 2 had mild unilateral hydronephrosis, alleviated with conservative management.At 1 year postoperatively, the catheter-free rate was 80%(8/10), with no worsening of hydronephrosis or occurrence of ureteral obstruction, and the stent placement duration ranged from 97 to 211 days, average (151.63±42.47) days.The ureteral stent was not removed in 2 patients within 1 year, so the stoma stenosis rate was 20%(2/10). [Conclusion] The application of flap embedding in urinary diversion following radical cystectomy is a simple and safe procedure, with few postoperative complications, high success rate of stent removal, and overall favorable outcomes.

Liver regenerative medicine can use functional liver cells to repair or replace damaged liver tissue and it is expected to be rapidly developed as an alternative treatment to liver transplantation. However, regenerative medicine requires cells with stable proliferation ability and liver cell characteristics. Liver organoids are derived from adult stem cells or pluripotent stem cells. They can be proliferated in large quantities and cultured for a long time in vitro, meanwhile maintain genetic stability, and simulate the structural and functional characteristics of organs in the body, providing a new strategy for liver regeneration. This article reviews liver organoids and their research progress in liver regenerative medicine, and discusses their application potential and existing limitations.

Compared with normal tissue, interstitial extracellular pH of tumor cells is acidic. The reverse transmembrane pH gradient around tumor cells is closely related to its uncontrolled progression, angiogenesis and metastasis. Changes in urinary pH have an impact on the occurrence, progression and treatment of bladder cancer by regulating the microenvironment of bladder cancer cells. Relevant studies have shown that urinary pH value is an important factor in predicting the final clinical efficacy of bladder cancer patients combined with alkalization agents, which helps to reflect the acid-base balance and immune defense system in the body. Continuous monitoring of urinary pH can provide guidance and decision-making for the prognosis of bladder cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE：To investigate the risk factors for the recurrence of ischemic stroke after secondary prevention ，and to observe the effect of glutathione on 4-HNE. METHODS ：Totally 97 patients with ischemic stroke relapse within one year were treated from Oct. 2017 to Oct. 2019 in 3 hospitals as the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University due to cerebral thrombosis or cerebral embolism as observation group ，and 97 non-recurrence patients in the same period were paired as control group. The patients in the observation group were randomly divided into conventional treatment group （49 cases）and drug intervention group （48 cases）. The patients in conventional treatment group received routine treatment such as cerebral blood flow recanalization， improving circulation ， controlling blood pressure ， maintaining blood glucose ， treating hyperlipidemia and arrhythmia during hospitalization. Drug intervention group was additionally given Glutathione for injection 1.8 g intragastrically ， once a day ，on the basis of conventional treatment group. 4-HNE concentrations in plasma were determined at admission and 14 days after treatment ，the genetic type of ALDH2 and type of TAST were determined at admission. Multiple liner regression was used to analyze the factors associated with 4-HNE increasing ； conditional Logistic analysis was used to identify independent risk factors resulting to ischem ic stroke recurrence after secondary prevention. RESULTS ：The plasma concentration of 4-HNE at admission and the percentage of arte ry atherosclerosis patients in observation group were significantly higher than control group（P＜0.05）. The distribution of each ALDH2 genotype in 2 groups complied with Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium （P＞ 0.05）. The proportion of patients carrying ALDH2*2 allele in observation group （50.50％）was significantly higher than control group（36.08％）（P＜0.05）. ALDH2*2 allele [ B＝2.33，95％CI（1.35，5.50），P＝0.03] and artery atherosclerosis [ B＝1.90，95％CI （1.29，3.74），P＝0.04] were significantly associated with the elevation of plasma concentration of 4-HNE；artery atherosclerosis [OR＝ 2.93，95％CI（1.84，4.67），P＜0.01]，stroke family history [OR ＝1.50，95％CI（1.18，1.90），P＝0.04]，elevated plasma concentration of 4-HNE [OR ＝1.34，95％CI（1.11，1.62），P＝0.04] were regarded as independent risk factors associating with ischemic stroke recurrence after secondary prevention. After intervention ，plasma concentration of 4-HNE in drug intervention group and conventional treatment group was significantly lower than before intervention （P＜0.05）；there was no statistical significance between 2 groups（P＞0.05）. CONCLUSIONS ：Stroke family history ，artery atherosclerosis and the elevation plasma concentration of 4-HNE are independent risk factors associating with ischemic stroke recurrence after secondary prevention. Although drug intervention can reduce the elevated plasma concentration of 4-HNE，the effect of additional use of glutathione is not more significant than that of conventional treatment.

Objective:To establish and validate a radiomics nomogram based on MR for predicting cervical lymph node metastasis in laryngeal cancer.Methods:One hundred and seventeen patients with laryngeal cancer who underwent MR examinations and received open surgery and neck dissection between January 2016 and December 2019 were included in this study. All patients were randomly divided into a training cohort ( n=89) and test cohort ( n=28) using computer-generated random numbers. Clinical characteristics and MR were collected. Radiological features were extracted from the MR images. Enhanced T1 and T2WI were selected for radiomics analysis, and the volume of interest was manually segmented from the Huiyihuiying radiomics cloud platform. The variance analysis (ANOVA) and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm were used to reduce the dimensionality of the radiomics features in the training cohort. Then, a radiomic signature was established. The clinical risk factors were screened by using ANOVA and multivariate logistic regression. A nomogram was generated using clinical risk factors and the radiomic signature. The calibration curve and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve were used to confirm the nomogram′s performance in the training and test sets. The clinical usefulness of the nomogram was evaluated by decision curve analysis (DCA). Furthermore, a testing cohort was used to validate the model. Results:The radiomics signature consisted of 21 features, and the nomogram model included the radiomics signature and the MR-reported lymph node status. The model showed good calibration and discrimination. The model yielded areas under the ROC curve (AUC) in the training cohort, specificity, and sensitivity of 0.930, 0.930 and 0.875. In the test cohort, the model yielded AUC, specificity and sensitivity of 0.883, 0.889 and 0.800. DCA indicated that the nomogram model was clinically useful.Conclusion:The MR-based radiomics nomogram model may be used to predict cervical lymph node metastasis of laryngeal cancer preoperatively. MR-based radiomics could serve as a potential tool to help clinicians make an optimal clinical decision.