Objective: To explore the association between negative life events and smartphone addiction among middle school students, so as to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for prevention and intervention of smartphone addiction among middle school students. Methods: Using cluster sampling, 8 890 students were selected to survey from 27 junior high schools and 3 senior high schools in a district of Shenzhen in 2022 (baseline) and 2023 (followup). Data were collected through selfresigned questionnaires on basic information, the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version, and the Adolescent Selfrating Life Events Checklist. Mixedeffects models were employed to analyze the association. Results: Compared to 2022, the punishment scores of middle school students in 2023 [1.00 (0.00, 6.00) and 1.00 (0.00, 6.00)] decreased (Z=4.27), while the scores of interpersonal stress, learning stress and adaptation [4.00(0.00, 8.00), 4.00(0.00, 8.00); 4.00(1.00, 8.00), 5.00(2.00, 9.00); 2.00 (0.00, 6.00), 3.00 (0.00, 7.00)] increased (Z=-3.04, -8.36, -6.80) (P<0.01). Mixedeffects models revealed a positive doseresponse relationship between negative life events and smartphone addiction (OR=1.08-1.17, P<0.01). Stepwise regression showed independent positive effects of interpersonal stress (OR=1.05), academic stress (OR=1.03), and adaptation stress (OR=1.11) on smartphone addiction (P<0.01). Subgroup analysis of nonaddicted students in 2022 confirmed persistent associations for academic stress (OR=1.03) and adaptation (OR=1.07) (P<0.01). Conclusion Negative life events exhibit a positive doseresponse relationship with smartphone addiction, particularly interpersonal stress, academic stress, and adaptationrelated events.

Objective: To explore the longitudinal association between only-child status and smartphone addiction among middle school students, so as to provide a basis for establishing family intervention measures for smartphone addiction in middle school students. Methods: In October 2022 and October 2023, a preliminary survey and follow-up were conducted among 8 759 middle and high school students from 30 schools in a district of Shenzhen. A self-designed questionnaire was used to determine whether the students were the only-child, and the Chinese Version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (C-SAS-SV) was utilized to assess the students smartphone addiction status. A multilevel mixed-effects model and subgroup analysis were applied to examine the association between only-child status and smartphone addiction among middle school students. Results: During 2022 to 2023, the prevalence of smartphone addiction in the cohort of middle school students increased from 24.1% to 25.2%. Compared with only-child, non-only child were more likely to be addicted to smartphones (adjusted model: OR =1.2, 95% CI =1.1-1.4) and also scored higher on smartphone addiction (adjusted model: β =0.9, 95% CI =0.2-1.5)( P <0.05). Subgroup analysis further revealed that compared to baseline, non-only child demonstrated an increased prevalence of smartphone addiction (adjusted model: OR = 1.2 , 95% CI =1.0-1.5) and higher addiction scores (adjusted model: β =0.8, 95% CI =0.2-1.5) after one year( P <0.05). Conclusions Non-only child face higher risk of smartphone addiction. Under the current population policy, it is crucial to address smartphone addiction among middle school students who is not only child.

BACKGROUND: Cancer is a major public health concern, particularly among middle-aged and elderly populations, who are disproportionately affected by rising cancer incidence. Environmental pollution has been identified as a significant risk factor for cancer development. China's Carbon Emission Trading Policy (CETP), implemented in pilot regions since 2013, aims to reduce carbon emissions and improve air quality. This study evaluates the impact of CETP on pan-cancer incidence, with a focus on its effects on specific cancer types and vulnerable populations. METHODS: This quasi-natural experiment utilized data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) and environmental data from the China National Environmental Monitoring Center (2011-2018). A staggered difference-in-differences (DID) model was employed to estimate the impact of CETP on cancer incidence. Robustness tests, including parallel trend tests, placebo analysis, and entropy balancing, validated the findings. Subgroup analyses were performed to assess the policy's heterogeneous effects based on gender, Body Mass Index (BMI), and smoking status. RESULTS: CETP implementation significantly reduced the incidence of six cancer types: endometrial, cervical, gastric, esophageal, breast, and lung cancers. Overall, pan-cancer incidence significantly declined post-policy implementation (CETP × POST: -47.200, 95% CI: [-61.103, -33.296], p < 0.001). The policy demonstrated stronger effects in highly polluted areas and among individuals with poorer mental health. Subgroup analysis revealed that females, individuals with lower BMI, and non-smokers experienced more substantial benefits. CONCLUSIONS CETP significantly reduces cancer incidence by improving environmental quality and influencing mental health, with particularly strong effects observed among high-risk populations. This study highlights the important role of environmental economic policies in mitigating cancer burden and promoting public health. Future research should further explore the long-term impacts of this policy and its applicability across different national and regional contexts.
Humans ; Incidence ; Neoplasms/epidemiology* ; China/epidemiology* ; Middle Aged ; Female ; Male ; Aged ; Air Pollution/legislation & jurisprudence* ; Carbon/analysis* ; Longitudinal Studies ; Air Pollutants/analysis* ; Environmental Exposure

The aim of this study was to investigate whether β-hydroxybutyric acid(BHB)inhibits the phagocytic function of CD14+monocytes in dairy cows through the ROS(reactive oxygen spe-cies)-NLRP3(NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3)pathway.CD14+monocytes in the blood of postpartum healthy cows were extracted,and 3 mmol/L BHB was added after transfection of small interfering RNA targeting NLRP3(si-NLRP3).Monocytes were pre-treated with 10 nmol/L NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950(CP-456773)or 10 mmol/L ROS scavenger N-acetyl cysteine(NAC),and then was treated with 3 mmol/L BHB for 24 h.The protein abundance of NLRP3 was detected by Western blot and the phagocytosis of monocytes was determined by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence.The results showed that compared with the si-Control+BHB group,the phagocytic function of monocytes in the si-NLRP3+BHB treatment group was significantly increased,while the protein abundance of NLRP3 was significantly decreased.Com-pared with DMSO+BHB group,the phagocytic function of monocytes in MCC950+BHB group was significantly increased.In addition,compared with DMSO+BHB group,the protein abundance of NLRP3 in monocytes was significantly decreased in MCC950+BHB group.Compared with the PBS+BHB group,the phagocytosis of monocytes was significantly increased after the addition of ROS scavenger NAC,while the protein abundance of NLRP3 was significantly decreased.These results indicated that BHB inhibited the phagocytosis of CD14+monocytes in cows via the ROS-NLRP3 pathway.Therefore,regulating the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome may be an effective method to improve the decrease of monocyte phagocytosis in perinatal dairy cows.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of serine protease inhibitor A3N(SerpinA3N)in alleviating reti-nal neural injury in diabetic mice by inhibiting Müller cell inflammation.Methods Thirty-six db/db mice(72 eyes)were randomly divided into the db/db group,the db/db+SerpinA3N-overexpressing adeno-associated virus(AAV-SerpinA3N)group,and the db/db+empty vector adeno-associated virus(NC-SerpinA3N)group,with 12 mice in each group.Twelve age-matched healthy male littermate mice were randomly selected as the healthy control group(db/m group).Mice in each group were sacrificed 4 weeks after the corresponding treatments.Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the co-localization of SerpinA3N and glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP)in the mouse retina.Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining was used to observe histopathological changes in the retinal tissue.TUNEL staining was used to detect the apoptosis of reti-nal ganglion cells(RGCs).Immunohistochemistry was used to detect GFAP expression.ELISA was used to measure the levels of inflammatory factors[interleukin(IL)-1 β,IL-6,IL-18,and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)]in the retinal tis-sue.The predicted target genes of SerpinA3N were imported into the STRING database to construct a protein-protein inter-action(PPI)network.The highest-scoring target was selected based on the scores for molecular docking.Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of SerpinA3N,nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB),and spleen focus-forming virus proviral integration oncogene(Spi1)proteins in the retinal tissue.Results Immunofluorescence staining showed co-lo-calized expression of SerpinA3N and GFAP in the retinal tissue.Compared with the db/m group,the db/db,db/db+NC-SerpinA3N,and db/db+AAV-SerpinA3N groups showed decreased retinal thickness and RGC count,and increased number of TUNEL-positive cells,relative GFAP-positive expression intensity,levels of all inflammatory factors,and expression lev-els of NF-κB and Spi1 proteins,while SerpinA3N protein expression was decreased(all P＜0.05).Compared with the db/db group,the db/db+AAV-SerpinA3N group showed increased retinal thickness and RGC count,and decreased number of TUNEL-positive cells,relative GFAP-positive expression intensity,levels of all inflammatory factors,and expression levels of NF-κB and Spi1 proteins,while SerpinA3N protein expression was increased(all P＜0.05).Compared with the db/db+AAV-SerpinA3N group,the db/db+NC-SerpinA3N group showed decreased retinal thickness and RGC count,and increased number of TUNEL-positive cells,relative GFAP-positive expression intensity,levels of all inflammatory factors,and ex-pression levels of NF-κB and Spi1 proteins,while SerpinA3N protein expression was decreased(all P＜0.05).The PPI re-sults indicated an interaction between SerpinA3N and Spi1.Molecular docking results showed that Spi1 could form hydro-gen bonds with residues surrounding SerpinA3N.Conclusion Overexpression of SerpinA3N can inhibit Müller cell in-flammation and ameliorate retinal neural injury in diabetic mice,and the mechanism may be associated with the inhibition of the Spi1/NF-κB signaling pathway.

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of tributyrin(TB)on energy me-tabolism,oxidative stress and immune function in dairy cows with negative energy balance(NEB).In this study,25 perinatal Holstein cows from a dairy farm in Heilongjiang Province were selected.Five healthy cows were designated as the control group,and 20 cows with NEB were randomly di-vided into NEB control group,Propylene glycol(PG)group(300 mL PG),TB group(37.5 g TB)and PG+TB group(300 mL PG+37.5 g TB)with 5 cows in each group,and were continuously fed for 14 days.Blood samples were collected at 0,7,14 and 21 days.The indexes of oxidative stress,energy metabolism and immune function in the serum of dairy cows were quantified using commercially available kits.The results showed that compared with the NEB group,the contents of T-AOC,GSH-Px,CAT and SOD in the TB group were significantly increased,whereas the content of MDA was significantly decreased.These results indicated that TB can effectively alleviate the oxidative stress of cows with NEB.The contents of BHB,NEFA and BUN in the TB group were significantly decreased,indicating that TB can regulate energy metabolism disorders in cows with NEB.The contents of IL1β,IL-2,IL-6,IL-21,MIP-1 and IP-10 in the TB group were significantly decreased,while the contents of IgA,IgM and IgG were significantly increased.These results sug-gest that TB has shown significant effects in inhibiting inflammatory response and improving im-mune function.Furthermore,compared with the PG group,the contents of T-AOC,GSH-Px,CAT,SOD,IgA,IgM and IgG in the TB group and the PG+TB group were significantly in-creased,whereas the contents of MDA,BHB,NEFA,BUN,IL-1β,IL-2,IL-6,IL-21,MIP-1 and IP-10 were significantly decreased.These results indicated that feeding TB alone was effective in alle-viating oxidative stress,improving energy metabolism and inhibiting inflammation in dairy cows compared to feeding the traditional drug PG,and the effect of feeding a mixture of PG and TB was particularly significant.This study provides a new theoretical basis for the prevention and treat-ment of oxidative stress and immune function decline caused by perinatal cows with NEB.

The aim of this study is to investigate whether β-hydroxybutyrate(BHB)impaired the mitochondrial function of dairy cow monocytes through the peroxisome proliferator-activated re-ceptor γ coactivator 1 alpha(PGC-1α)signaling pathway.According to the clinical symptoms and the concentration of BHB in whole blood,the tail vein blood of 12 healthy cows(BHB＜1.2 mmol/L)and 12 clinical ketotic cows(CK,BHB＞3.0 mmol/L)was collected.In vivo,after isolation and purification of CD14+monocytes,the intracellular mitochondrial membrane potential was detected by flow cytometry.The protein abundance of oxidative phosphorylation complex cytochrome c oxi-dase subunit Ⅰ(CO Ⅰ),CO Ⅱ,CO Ⅲ,COⅣ,CO Ⅴ,PGC-1 α,mitochondrial transcription factor A(TFAM)and nuclear respiratory factor 1(NFR1)were determined by Western blot.In vitro,CD14+monocytes were co-cultured with 3.0 mmol/L BHB for 0,6,12,24 h.Flow cytometry was applied for intracellular mitochondrial membrane potential detection,and determination the protein abundance of PGC-1α,TFAM and NFR1 by Western blot.The results showed that compared with control group,the mitochondrial membrane potential in CD14+monocytes of ketotic cows was sig-nificantly increased,and the protein abundance of CO Ⅰ,CO Ⅱ,CO Ⅲ,CO Ⅳ,CO Ⅴ PGC-1α,TFAM,and NRF1 in CD14+monocytes of ketotic cows were significantly decreased.Compared with 0 h,the mitochondrial membrane potential of CD14+monocytes was significantly increased after BHB treatment for 6,12,24 h,and the protein abundance of PGC-1α,TFAM and NRF1 were significantly decreased.The results indicated that BHB induced mitochondrial dysfunction in CD14+monocytes of ketotic cows by inhibiting PGC-1α signaling pathway.Therefore,the PGC-1αsignaling pathway may be a preventive and therapeutic target to the mitochondrial dysfunction of monocytes in ketotic cows caused by BHB.

To investigate the effect of capsaicin(CAP)on the replication of bovine viral diarrhea vi-rus(BVDV).Bovine nasal turbinate osteoblasts(BT)infected with BVDV served as the research model,and viral gene and protein levels were evaluated using RT-qPCR and Western blot.Moreo-ver,molecular docking,molecular dynamics simulation,and oil red O staining were applied to ana-lyze the mechanism by which CAP inhibits BVDV replication.The results revealed no significant effect of CAP at 6.25,12.5,25,and 50 mg/L on the viability of BT cells.CAP was found to signifi-cantly inhibit BVDV 5′UTR RNA and E2 protein levels,according to the antiviral effect study.Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations indicated that CAP could bind with high affinity to the active site of PI3K.Additional mechanistic studies indicated that CAP significantly reduced the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway triggered by BVDV.Furthermore,CAP notably decreased the mRNA levels of FASN,SREBP-1,and ACC-1,which are crucial fatty acid synthesis enzymes in the downstream PI3K/AKT signaling pathway,as well as the levels of lipid droplets.Interestingly,the addition of exogenous oleic acid greatly diminished the antiviral effec-tiveness of CAP and significantly lowered the mRNA levels of IFN-α and IFN-β.The results reveal for the first time that CAP can inhibit BVDV replication,establishing a foundation for its preven-tion and the development of feed additives.

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of tributyrin(TB)on energy me-tabolism,oxidative stress and immune function in dairy cows with negative energy balance(NEB).In this study,25 perinatal Holstein cows from a dairy farm in Heilongjiang Province were selected.Five healthy cows were designated as the control group,and 20 cows with NEB were randomly di-vided into NEB control group,Propylene glycol(PG)group(300 mL PG),TB group(37.5 g TB)and PG+TB group(300 mL PG+37.5 g TB)with 5 cows in each group,and were continuously fed for 14 days.Blood samples were collected at 0,7,14 and 21 days.The indexes of oxidative stress,energy metabolism and immune function in the serum of dairy cows were quantified using commercially available kits.The results showed that compared with the NEB group,the contents of T-AOC,GSH-Px,CAT and SOD in the TB group were significantly increased,whereas the content of MDA was significantly decreased.These results indicated that TB can effectively alleviate the oxidative stress of cows with NEB.The contents of BHB,NEFA and BUN in the TB group were significantly decreased,indicating that TB can regulate energy metabolism disorders in cows with NEB.The contents of IL1β,IL-2,IL-6,IL-21,MIP-1 and IP-10 in the TB group were significantly decreased,while the contents of IgA,IgM and IgG were significantly increased.These results sug-gest that TB has shown significant effects in inhibiting inflammatory response and improving im-mune function.Furthermore,compared with the PG group,the contents of T-AOC,GSH-Px,CAT,SOD,IgA,IgM and IgG in the TB group and the PG+TB group were significantly in-creased,whereas the contents of MDA,BHB,NEFA,BUN,IL-1β,IL-2,IL-6,IL-21,MIP-1 and IP-10 were significantly decreased.These results indicated that feeding TB alone was effective in alle-viating oxidative stress,improving energy metabolism and inhibiting inflammation in dairy cows compared to feeding the traditional drug PG,and the effect of feeding a mixture of PG and TB was particularly significant.This study provides a new theoretical basis for the prevention and treat-ment of oxidative stress and immune function decline caused by perinatal cows with NEB.

The aim of this study is to investigate whether β-hydroxybutyrate(BHB)impaired the mitochondrial function of dairy cow monocytes through the peroxisome proliferator-activated re-ceptor γ coactivator 1 alpha(PGC-1α)signaling pathway.According to the clinical symptoms and the concentration of BHB in whole blood,the tail vein blood of 12 healthy cows(BHB＜1.2 mmol/L)and 12 clinical ketotic cows(CK,BHB＞3.0 mmol/L)was collected.In vivo,after isolation and purification of CD14+monocytes,the intracellular mitochondrial membrane potential was detected by flow cytometry.The protein abundance of oxidative phosphorylation complex cytochrome c oxi-dase subunit Ⅰ(CO Ⅰ),CO Ⅱ,CO Ⅲ,COⅣ,CO Ⅴ,PGC-1 α,mitochondrial transcription factor A(TFAM)and nuclear respiratory factor 1(NFR1)were determined by Western blot.In vitro,CD14+monocytes were co-cultured with 3.0 mmol/L BHB for 0,6,12,24 h.Flow cytometry was applied for intracellular mitochondrial membrane potential detection,and determination the protein abundance of PGC-1α,TFAM and NFR1 by Western blot.The results showed that compared with control group,the mitochondrial membrane potential in CD14+monocytes of ketotic cows was sig-nificantly increased,and the protein abundance of CO Ⅰ,CO Ⅱ,CO Ⅲ,CO Ⅳ,CO Ⅴ PGC-1α,TFAM,and NRF1 in CD14+monocytes of ketotic cows were significantly decreased.Compared with 0 h,the mitochondrial membrane potential of CD14+monocytes was significantly increased after BHB treatment for 6,12,24 h,and the protein abundance of PGC-1α,TFAM and NRF1 were significantly decreased.The results indicated that BHB induced mitochondrial dysfunction in CD14+monocytes of ketotic cows by inhibiting PGC-1α signaling pathway.Therefore,the PGC-1αsignaling pathway may be a preventive and therapeutic target to the mitochondrial dysfunction of monocytes in ketotic cows caused by BHB.