BACKGROUND:Exercise has been shown to offer potential benefits for patients with multiple sclerosis,but the specific mechanisms remain unclear.OBJECTIVE:To summarize the physiological changes in patients with multiple sclerosis and to explore the specific mechanisms by which exercise improves these physiological functions.METHODS:A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the Web of Science,PubMed,CNKI,WanFang,and VIP from database inception to June 2024.The search terms were"multiple sclerosis,demyelinating autoimmune diseases,exercise,physical activity,neurodegenerative diseases"in English and Chinese.Based on the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria,81 articles were ultimately selected for review.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The complex physiological and functional alterations in patients with multiple sclerosis seriously affect their quality of life and ability to live independently.As a non-pharmacological intervention,exercise shows significant potential in improving the physiological and functional status of patients with multiple sclerosis by alleviating fatigue,modulating immune responses,reducing stress hormone levels,enhancing blood-brain barrier function,and promoting neuroplasticity.However,current research on the specific mechanisms of exercise in the treatment of multiple sclerosis is still insufficient,and more high-quality,systematic studies are needed to further validate and refine the findings.Future research should focus on:1)to develop the most suitable exercise regimens by further exploring the effects of different types and intensities of exercise on the physiological function and disease progression in patients with multiple sclerosis;2)to verify the long-term effects and safety of exercise in patients with multiple sclerosis through large-scale,long-term follow-up clinical trials;3)to reveal the specific mechanisms of exercise intervention in patients with multiple sclerosis using advanced technological methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and neuroelectrophysiology;and 4)to develop personalized exercise programs based on individual patient differences to optimize intervention effects and patient compliance.

This study investigated the incidence,prevention and control measures,diagnostic and treatment methods,and treatment costs of hoof diseases in dairy cows across 87 large-scale farms,aiming to provide a scientific basis and new insights for the treatment and prevention of hoof disea-ses in dairy herds.The results showed that the incidence rate of lameness in most farms was con-trolled between 3％and 7％,with a cure rate above 85％.The importance ranking of prevention and control measures was as follows:hoof trimming＞leveling the ground＞disinfection＞regular foot baths＞manure removal＞locomotion(lameness)scoring.The importance ranking of treat-ment measures was:hoof trimming＞disinfection and astringents＞anti-inflammatory treatment＞antibiotics＞block application＞traditional Chinese medicine(fire therapy).Economic analysis showed that the treatment cost of lameness was closely related to the incidence rate,with higher treatment expenses observed in farms with higher incidence rates.Farms with higher individual milk yields typically had more efficient disease management strategies,leading to lower treatment costs.Large-scale farms should continuously optimize management practices to reduce the occur-rence of lameness and improve overall farm efficiency by using effective treatment strategies.

Objective To investigate the application value of late gadolinium enhancement(LEG)at cardiac MRI in predicting ventricular arrhythmia(VA)events in patients after implantation of ICD.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 16 patients at high risk of sudden cardi-ac death after ICD implantation and LEG examination in the First and the Sixth Medical Centers of Chinese PLA General Hospital from June 2020 to March 2024.According the occurrence of VA events receiving appropriate ICD therapy during the follow-up period,they were divided into post-operative VA group(7 cases)and non-VA group(9 cases).The correlation of clinical baseline fea-tures and LEG features with VA events was analyzed.Results The ratios of transmural enhance-ment and myocardial medium enhancement were obviously higher in the VA group than the non-VA group(71.4％vs 11.1％,P=0.035;85.7％vs 22.2％,P=0.041).Multivariate logistic regres-sionanalysis showed that transmural enhancement(OR=5.000,95％CI:0.150-166.589,P=0.368)and myocardial medium enhancement(OR=7.000,95％CI:0.217-226.005,P=0.272)were not independent factors influencing VA occurrence.ROC curve analysis indicated that the combined prediction of transmural enhancement and myocardial media enhancement and the pre-diction of transmural enhancement alone had better diagnostic efficacy(P＜0.05).Conclusion LEG has clinical value in predicting postoperative VA events in patients after ICD implantation.

This study investigated the regulatory effects of carvacrol on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced inflammatory response and endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress in bovine mammary epithe-lial cells using in vitro cell culture techniques.Western blot analysis revealed significantly elevated expression levels of NF-κB pathway-related proteins and ER stress marker proteins in mastitis samples compared to healthy mammary tissues(P＜0.05).Cells were divided into a blank control group and carvacrol(CAV)treatment groups with varying concentrations(50,100,250,500,750,1 000 μmol/L).After 24 hours of culture,cell proliferation was assessed using the CCK-8 assay.An inflammatory model was established by stimulating MAC-T cells(a bovine mammary epithelial cell line)with LPS(10 mg/L)for 12 h,followed by measurement of the transcriptional levels of inflammatory-related genes(IL-6,IL-1β,and TNFα).MAC-T cells were pretreated with low,medi-um,and high doses of CAV for 12 h before LPS stimulation.Molecular docking analysis was per-formed to examine the interaction between CAV and GRP78,a key ER stress protein.Real-time quantitative PCR(qPCR)was used to analyze the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cyto-kines(IL-6,IL-1β,TNFα),while Western blot was employed to assess the expression levels of NF-κB pathway proteins(p-IκB,p-NF-κB p65)and ER stress-related proteins(p-PERK,p-IRE1α,ATF6,GRP78,CHOP).The results from Western blot and qPCR demonstrated that CAV alleviated LPS-induced inflammatory response and cellular damage by inhibiting the NF-κB signa-ling pathway and ER stress.

In recent years,the intensification of dairy farming has significantly improved production efficiency but has also led to a rise in the incidence of metabolic diseases.Conditions such as keto-sis,fatty liver,and hypocalcemia pose serious threats to dairy cattle health and productivity.These diseases not only profoundly affect individual physiological function but also impose considerable economic pressures and challenges on farm management.As research advances,exosomes have e-merged as a novel intercellular signaling molecule,showing unique potential in regulating dairy cattle's nutritional metabolism.Studies suggest that exosomes hold promise as biomarkers for dis-ease and can even serve as carriers for disease detection and prevention.Acting as a crucial mediator of intercellular communication,exosomes play an important role in modulating the metabolic processes of dairy cattle.This review aims to systematically explore the role of exosomes in bovine nutritional metabolism and to provide new perspectives and theoretical support for their potential as tools for diagnosing,treating,and preventing metabolic diseases in dairy cattle,thus advancing research and practice in this field.

In recent years,the intensification of dairy farming has significantly improved production efficiency but has also led to a rise in the incidence of metabolic diseases.Conditions such as keto-sis,fatty liver,and hypocalcemia pose serious threats to dairy cattle health and productivity.These diseases not only profoundly affect individual physiological function but also impose considerable economic pressures and challenges on farm management.As research advances,exosomes have e-merged as a novel intercellular signaling molecule,showing unique potential in regulating dairy cattle's nutritional metabolism.Studies suggest that exosomes hold promise as biomarkers for dis-ease and can even serve as carriers for disease detection and prevention.Acting as a crucial mediator of intercellular communication,exosomes play an important role in modulating the metabolic processes of dairy cattle.This review aims to systematically explore the role of exosomes in bovine nutritional metabolism and to provide new perspectives and theoretical support for their potential as tools for diagnosing,treating,and preventing metabolic diseases in dairy cattle,thus advancing research and practice in this field.

This study investigated the regulatory effects of carvacrol on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced inflammatory response and endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress in bovine mammary epithe-lial cells using in vitro cell culture techniques.Western blot analysis revealed significantly elevated expression levels of NF-κB pathway-related proteins and ER stress marker proteins in mastitis samples compared to healthy mammary tissues(P＜0.05).Cells were divided into a blank control group and carvacrol(CAV)treatment groups with varying concentrations(50,100,250,500,750,1 000 μmol/L).After 24 hours of culture,cell proliferation was assessed using the CCK-8 assay.An inflammatory model was established by stimulating MAC-T cells(a bovine mammary epithelial cell line)with LPS(10 mg/L)for 12 h,followed by measurement of the transcriptional levels of inflammatory-related genes(IL-6,IL-1β,and TNFα).MAC-T cells were pretreated with low,medi-um,and high doses of CAV for 12 h before LPS stimulation.Molecular docking analysis was per-formed to examine the interaction between CAV and GRP78,a key ER stress protein.Real-time quantitative PCR(qPCR)was used to analyze the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cyto-kines(IL-6,IL-1β,TNFα),while Western blot was employed to assess the expression levels of NF-κB pathway proteins(p-IκB,p-NF-κB p65)and ER stress-related proteins(p-PERK,p-IRE1α,ATF6,GRP78,CHOP).The results from Western blot and qPCR demonstrated that CAV alleviated LPS-induced inflammatory response and cellular damage by inhibiting the NF-κB signa-ling pathway and ER stress.

BACKGROUND:Exercise has been shown to offer potential benefits for patients with multiple sclerosis,but the specific mechanisms remain unclear.OBJECTIVE:To summarize the physiological changes in patients with multiple sclerosis and to explore the specific mechanisms by which exercise improves these physiological functions.METHODS:A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the Web of Science,PubMed,CNKI,WanFang,and VIP from database inception to June 2024.The search terms were"multiple sclerosis,demyelinating autoimmune diseases,exercise,physical activity,neurodegenerative diseases"in English and Chinese.Based on the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria,81 articles were ultimately selected for review.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The complex physiological and functional alterations in patients with multiple sclerosis seriously affect their quality of life and ability to live independently.As a non-pharmacological intervention,exercise shows significant potential in improving the physiological and functional status of patients with multiple sclerosis by alleviating fatigue,modulating immune responses,reducing stress hormone levels,enhancing blood-brain barrier function,and promoting neuroplasticity.However,current research on the specific mechanisms of exercise in the treatment of multiple sclerosis is still insufficient,and more high-quality,systematic studies are needed to further validate and refine the findings.Future research should focus on:1)to develop the most suitable exercise regimens by further exploring the effects of different types and intensities of exercise on the physiological function and disease progression in patients with multiple sclerosis;2)to verify the long-term effects and safety of exercise in patients with multiple sclerosis through large-scale,long-term follow-up clinical trials;3)to reveal the specific mechanisms of exercise intervention in patients with multiple sclerosis using advanced technological methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and neuroelectrophysiology;and 4)to develop personalized exercise programs based on individual patient differences to optimize intervention effects and patient compliance.

This study investigated the incidence,prevention and control measures,diagnostic and treatment methods,and treatment costs of hoof diseases in dairy cows across 87 large-scale farms,aiming to provide a scientific basis and new insights for the treatment and prevention of hoof disea-ses in dairy herds.The results showed that the incidence rate of lameness in most farms was con-trolled between 3％and 7％,with a cure rate above 85％.The importance ranking of prevention and control measures was as follows:hoof trimming＞leveling the ground＞disinfection＞regular foot baths＞manure removal＞locomotion(lameness)scoring.The importance ranking of treat-ment measures was:hoof trimming＞disinfection and astringents＞anti-inflammatory treatment＞antibiotics＞block application＞traditional Chinese medicine(fire therapy).Economic analysis showed that the treatment cost of lameness was closely related to the incidence rate,with higher treatment expenses observed in farms with higher incidence rates.Farms with higher individual milk yields typically had more efficient disease management strategies,leading to lower treatment costs.Large-scale farms should continuously optimize management practices to reduce the occur-rence of lameness and improve overall farm efficiency by using effective treatment strategies.

Objective To investigate the application value of late gadolinium enhancement(LEG)at cardiac MRI in predicting ventricular arrhythmia(VA)events in patients after implantation of ICD.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 16 patients at high risk of sudden cardi-ac death after ICD implantation and LEG examination in the First and the Sixth Medical Centers of Chinese PLA General Hospital from June 2020 to March 2024.According the occurrence of VA events receiving appropriate ICD therapy during the follow-up period,they were divided into post-operative VA group(7 cases)and non-VA group(9 cases).The correlation of clinical baseline fea-tures and LEG features with VA events was analyzed.Results The ratios of transmural enhance-ment and myocardial medium enhancement were obviously higher in the VA group than the non-VA group(71.4％vs 11.1％,P=0.035;85.7％vs 22.2％,P=0.041).Multivariate logistic regres-sionanalysis showed that transmural enhancement(OR=5.000,95％CI:0.150-166.589,P=0.368)and myocardial medium enhancement(OR=7.000,95％CI:0.217-226.005,P=0.272)were not independent factors influencing VA occurrence.ROC curve analysis indicated that the combined prediction of transmural enhancement and myocardial media enhancement and the pre-diction of transmural enhancement alone had better diagnostic efficacy(P＜0.05).Conclusion LEG has clinical value in predicting postoperative VA events in patients after ICD implantation.