A mounting body of research suggests that circRNAs significantly contribute to the develop-ment of myocardial fibrosis.The microarray results of human circular RNA expression profile indicated that circHERC4_041 expression increased in the myocardium of patients with heart failure,RT-qPCR a-nalysis confirmed that the myocardial expression level of circHERC4_041 in individuals with heart failure were considerably elevated compared to that in healthy organ donors.Fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH)confirmed that circHERC4_041 was abundant in the cytoplasm of human cardiomyocyte AC16.Overexpression of circHERC4_041 in mouse myocardial fibroblasts(mCFs)mediated by adenovirus in-hibited the expression of fibrosis-related proteins in mCFs.Experiments involving cell proliferation,wound healing,and Transwell assays demonstrated that overexpression of circHERC4_041 suppressed the growth and mobility of mCFs(P＜0.001).Sequence analysis results suggested that circHERC4_041 con-tains potential ribosome entry sequence(IRES)and open reading frame(ORF).Western blot confirmed that circHERC4_041 could translate the 516 amino acid HERC4-516aa protein,which was mainly located in the cytoplasm of the cell.Cell functional experiments confirmed that circHERC4_041 inhibited the fi-brotic phenotype of mCFs by specifically translating HERC4-516aa(P＜0.05).The specific interaction between HERC4-516aa and transglutaminase 2(TGM2)was confirmed by IP-MS screening and Co-IP i-dentification.Further results found that the degradation of TGM2 was promoted through proteasome path-way.The overexpression of TGM2 in mCFs facilitated by adenoviral vectors could counteract the suppres-sive effects of HERC4-516aa on the fibrotic phenotype of mCFs.Therefore,this study confirmed that the HERC4-516aa protein translated by circHERC4_041 can specifically bind to TGM2 to inhibit the fibrotic phenotype of myocardial fibroblasts.

Sarin(GB)is a typical representative of nerve agents with high toxicity,and very low amount can cause death.GB can cause water and atmospheric environment poisoning,so the detection of GB in water and air is of great significance.In this work,a colorimetric sensor array(CSA)based on GB inhibition of cholinesterase activity was constructed to detect GB with high selectivity.A 4×4 colorimetric array was constructed using acetylcholinesterase(AChE),butyryl cholinesterase(BuChE)and the corresponding substrate acetylthiocholine iodide(S-ACh),butyryl thiocholine iodide(S-BCh),acetylcholine chloride(ACh),butyryl choline chloride(BCh)and 2,6-dichloroindophenol ethyl ester(DCIE).The linear curve of the sensor was Y=131.3×lgC+271.6(R2=0.997),where Y was the array response Euclidean distance,C was the concentration of GB(mg/L),the linear range was 0.03?0.32 mg/L,and the detection limit was 27.6 μg/L.The method could effectively distinguish chemical warfare agents(CWA)such as VX,Soman(GD),mustard gas(HD),Louie reagent(L),and had high anti-interference ability,sensitivity and good repeatability.It was successfully applied to the detection of GB in simulated water and simulated air samples,and the sample recovery rate was 97.2% ?100.9%.This method would be potentially applied to the field rapid detection of nerve agents.

A mounting body of research suggests that circRNAs significantly contribute to the develop-ment of myocardial fibrosis.The microarray results of human circular RNA expression profile indicated that circHERC4_041 expression increased in the myocardium of patients with heart failure,RT-qPCR a-nalysis confirmed that the myocardial expression level of circHERC4_041 in individuals with heart failure were considerably elevated compared to that in healthy organ donors.Fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH)confirmed that circHERC4_041 was abundant in the cytoplasm of human cardiomyocyte AC16.Overexpression of circHERC4_041 in mouse myocardial fibroblasts(mCFs)mediated by adenovirus in-hibited the expression of fibrosis-related proteins in mCFs.Experiments involving cell proliferation,wound healing,and Transwell assays demonstrated that overexpression of circHERC4_041 suppressed the growth and mobility of mCFs(P＜0.001).Sequence analysis results suggested that circHERC4_041 con-tains potential ribosome entry sequence(IRES)and open reading frame(ORF).Western blot confirmed that circHERC4_041 could translate the 516 amino acid HERC4-516aa protein,which was mainly located in the cytoplasm of the cell.Cell functional experiments confirmed that circHERC4_041 inhibited the fi-brotic phenotype of mCFs by specifically translating HERC4-516aa(P＜0.05).The specific interaction between HERC4-516aa and transglutaminase 2(TGM2)was confirmed by IP-MS screening and Co-IP i-dentification.Further results found that the degradation of TGM2 was promoted through proteasome path-way.The overexpression of TGM2 in mCFs facilitated by adenoviral vectors could counteract the suppres-sive effects of HERC4-516aa on the fibrotic phenotype of mCFs.Therefore,this study confirmed that the HERC4-516aa protein translated by circHERC4_041 can specifically bind to TGM2 to inhibit the fibrotic phenotype of myocardial fibroblasts.

Dendrobium is one of the valuable Chinese herbs in China,and Dendrobium officinale is the top grade of Dendrobium,which is recorded in many ancient medical texts as having the efficacy of treating diabetes.Modern pharmacological research shows that Dendrobium has the effects of anti-tumor,anti-fatigue,immune regulation,anti-aging,and regulation of glycolipid metabolism.In clinical application,Dendrobium officinale also has the function of balancing glucose and lipid metabolism,improving insulin resistance,promoting insulin secretion,improving the function of islet cells,and has a certain role in the prevention and treatment of diabetic complications.At present,there is a lack of systematic review of the pharmacological mechanism of Dendrobium officinale in the treatment of diabetes.In order to understand the pharmacological action of Dendrobium officinale in the treatment of diabetes more comprehensively,and to provide a reference for further pharmacological research,so that it can be better applied in clinics,this paper reviews the research progress of the pharmacological mechanism of Dendrobium officinale in the treatment of diabetes.

As a chronic metabolic disease,type 2 diabetes poses a significant threat to human health with increasing incidence.An increasing number of studies confirm that the pathogenesis of diabetes is closely related with alterations in multiple cellular signaling pathways.Although numerous studies have reported that traditional Chinese medicine compounds prevent diabetes by modulating cell signaling pathways,asystematic review of the mechanism of action of traditional Chinese medicine compounds in modulating cell signaling pathways is still lacking.Therefore,this paper summarizes the research of type 2 diabetes prevention and treatment,which was found mainly related to the signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT,AMPK,MAPK,NF-κB,PPAR,TGF-β.This family of signaling pathways can treat type 2 diabetes by inhibiting pancreatic islet cell apoptosis,protecting pancreatic β-cell function,ameliorating insulin resistance,inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis,promoting glycogen synthesis,attenuating inflammation,and resisting oxidative stress.At the same time,we analyze the problems in current research and the future development trend,in order to provide a scientific theoretical basis for the drug development and clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine compound in the prevention and treatment of diabetes.

Objective To observe the efficacy and safety of sclerotherapy of pelvic lymphoid cysts with anhydrous ethanol and lauromacrogol.Methods Totally 98 patients with pelvic lymphatic cysts after resection of gynecological malignant tumors were retrospectively enrolled,including 50 cases underwent sclerotherapy with anhydrous ethanol(anhydrous ethanol group)and 48 cases with lauromacrogol(lauromacrogol group).The complications after sclerotherapy were recorded,and the effect was evaluated according to improvement of symptoms and results of ultrasound,CT or MRI 3 months after sclerotherapy.Results Sclerotherapy was successfully completed in both groups.After sclerotherapy,adverse reactions occurred in 20 cases in anhydrous ethanol group,including pain(n=5),drunk-like reaction(n=2),cyst infection and drug resistance(n=1),intestinal perforation(n=1)and decreased immunity(n=6),among which 2 were common terminology criteria for adverse events(CTCAE)grade 1 and 18 were CTCAE grade 2-3 adverse reactions.Meanwhile,minor pain occurred in 2 cases in lauromacrogol group,both were CTCAE grade 1 adverse reactions.The incidence of CTCAE grade 2-3 adverse reactions in anhydrous ethanol group was higher than in lauromacrogol group(36.00％[18/50]vs.0[0/48],x2=21.168,P＜0.001).All the above adverse reactions in 2 groups improved after symptomatic support treatment,and no other complication was observed.Three months after treatment,4 cases were cured,40 were improved and 6 were ineffective in anhydrous ethanol group,while 7 were cured,40 were improved and 1 was ineffective in lauromacrogol group.No significant difference of cyst control rate was found between groups(88.00％[44/50]vs.97.92％[47/48],x2=4.178,P=0.128).Conclusion The effects of sclerotherapy of pelvic lymphoid cysts with anhydrous ethanol and lauromacrogol were equivalent,while the latter was safer.

Objective To observe the efficacy and safety of sclerotherapy of pelvic lymphoid cysts with anhydrous ethanol and lauromacrogol.Methods Totally 98 patients with pelvic lymphatic cysts after resection of gynecological malignant tumors were retrospectively enrolled,including 50 cases underwent sclerotherapy with anhydrous ethanol(anhydrous ethanol group)and 48 cases with lauromacrogol(lauromacrogol group).The complications after sclerotherapy were recorded,and the effect was evaluated according to improvement of symptoms and results of ultrasound,CT or MRI 3 months after sclerotherapy.Results Sclerotherapy was successfully completed in both groups.After sclerotherapy,adverse reactions occurred in 20 cases in anhydrous ethanol group,including pain(n=5),drunk-like reaction(n=2),cyst infection and drug resistance(n=1),intestinal perforation(n=1)and decreased immunity(n=6),among which 2 were common terminology criteria for adverse events(CTCAE)grade 1 and 18 were CTCAE grade 2-3 adverse reactions.Meanwhile,minor pain occurred in 2 cases in lauromacrogol group,both were CTCAE grade 1 adverse reactions.The incidence of CTCAE grade 2-3 adverse reactions in anhydrous ethanol group was higher than in lauromacrogol group(36.00％[18/50]vs.0[0/48],x2=21.168,P＜0.001).All the above adverse reactions in 2 groups improved after symptomatic support treatment,and no other complication was observed.Three months after treatment,4 cases were cured,40 were improved and 6 were ineffective in anhydrous ethanol group,while 7 were cured,40 were improved and 1 was ineffective in lauromacrogol group.No significant difference of cyst control rate was found between groups(88.00％[44/50]vs.97.92％[47/48],x2=4.178,P=0.128).Conclusion The effects of sclerotherapy of pelvic lymphoid cysts with anhydrous ethanol and lauromacrogol were equivalent,while the latter was safer.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of Loulianwan on the gut microbiota of db/db mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM）. MethodMale db/m+ mice aged 4-5 weeks were assigned to the normal group， and male db/db model mice of the same age were randomly divided into model group， metformin group （0.25 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， and Loulianwan group （13 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， with six mice in each group. Drug intervention lasted five weeks. The body weight， water intake， and fasting blood glucose （FBG） of the mice were recorded every week. After five weeks， the FBG， liver triglyceride （TG）， liver total cholesterol （TC）， glycated serum protein （GSP）， and fasting serum insulin （FINS） were detected， and the insulin resistance index （HOMA-IR） was calculated. The feces in the mouse intestines were collected， and the 16S rRNA sequencing technology was used to detect the structural changes in the fecal gut microbiota of mice in each group. ResultCompared with the normal group， the model group showed increased body weight， water intake， FBG， liver TG， liver TC， GSP， FINS， and HOMA-IR （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the Loulianwan group showed reduced water intake， FBG， liver TG， liver TC， GSP， FINS， and HOMA-IR （P<0.01）. The gut microbiota in the Loulian Lills group changed from phylum to genus level. The relative abundance of beneficial bacteria increased and the relative abundance of harmful bacteria decreased. Among them， the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila， Blautia， Ruminococcus， and Parabacteroides increased （P<0.01）. ConclusionLoulianwan can significantly improve glucose and lipid metabolism in db/db mice with T2DM， and its mechanism may be related to the increase in the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila， Blautia， Ruminococcus， and Parabacteroides in the intestine.

From the fungus Trichoderma sp., we isolated seven novel 18-residue peptaibols, neoatroviridins E-K (1-7), and six new 14-residue peptaibols, harzianins NPDG J-O (8-13). Additionally, four previously characterized 18-residue peptaibols neoatroviridins A-D (14-17) were also identified. The structural configurations of the newly identified peptaibols (1-13) were determined by comprehensive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS/MS) data. Their absolute configurations were further determined using Marfey's method. Notably, compounds 12 and 13 represent the first 14-residue peptaibols containing an acidic amino acid residue. In antimicrobial assessments, all 18-residue peptaibols (1-7, 14-17) exhibited moderate inhibitory activities against Staphylococcus aureus 209P, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 8-32 μg·mL^-1. Moreover, compound 9 exhibited moderate inhibitory effect on Candida albicans FIM709, with a MIC value of 16 μg·mL^-1.
Peptaibols/chemistry* ; Trichoderma/metabolism* ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods* ; Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology* ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods*

Type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by insulin resistance， hyperinsulinemia， and disturbance of glucose and lipid metabolism， with elevated blood glucose as the main clinical manifestation. Due to its complex etiology and pathogenesis， there is no effective treatment， which critically threatens human health and places a heavy burden on society and families. Saponins are a class of glycosides with complex structures that have the advantage of a wide range of sources， elevated safety， and low adverse effects. As an essential active ingredient in Chinese medicine， Chinese medicine saponins have a variety of biological activities such as hypoglycemia， hypoglycaemia， anti-inflammation， antioxidation， anti-tumor， and immune modulation. In recent years， numerous studies have shown that Chinese medicine saponins are effective in preventing and treating T2DM. Although there have been numerous studies on the hypoglycemic effects and mechanisms of Chinese medicine saponins， there has been no systematic review of the mechanisms of Chinese medicine saponins in the treatment of T2DM. Therefore， to provide a theoretical basis for an in-depth study of the hypoglycemic effects of Chinese medicine saponins and a scientific basis for the development and clinical application of drugs， this paper systematically summarized the hypoglycemic mechanisms of Chinese medicine saponins， such as improving islet β-cell function， improving insulin resistance， inhibiting glycosidase activity， reducing the inflammatory response， anti-oxidative stress， and regulating intestinal flora， and analyzed the current research problems and development trends.