ObjectiveCerebral ischemic injury triggers a complex pathological cascade characterized by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, persistent oxidative stress, and sustained neuroinflammation in the injured brain microenvironment. These events collectively drive mitochondrial dysfunction, microglial overactivation, pro-inflammatory cytokine release, and progressive neuronal apoptosis, ultimately leading to severe and irreversible neurological deficits. However, conventional therapeutic strategies face critical limitations, including poor blood-brain barrier penetration, insufficient local drug concentration, uncontrolled drug release, and off-target systemic side effects. To address this pathological process, we rationally designed and fabricated an injectable ROS-responsive hydrogel loaded with polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA NPs) for spatiotemporally controlled antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and neuroprotection in the ischemic injury microenvironment. The present study aimed to systematically characterize the physicochemical properties, ROS-responsive drug release behavior, biocompatibility, and neuroprotective efficacy of this composite hydrogel system in vitro. MethodsPDA NPs were fabricated via oxidative self-polymerization. The ROS-responsive hydrogel was cross-linked using N1-(4-boronobenzyl)-N3-(4-boronophenyl)-N1,N1,N3,N3-tetramethylpropane-1, 3-diaminium (TSPBA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Morphology, particle size, Zeta potential, and structure of PDA NPs were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zeta potential analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Microstructure, rheological properties, shear-thinning behavior, and ROS-triggered release profiles of the hydrogel were examined by SEM and rheometry. Biocompatibility was evaluated using HT22 mouse hippocampal neurons with CCK-8 and live/dead staining. An oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model was established to simulate ischemic injury in vitro. ROS levels and neuronal apoptosis were detected by DHE staining and TUNEL assay. Microglial polarization and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression were analyzed using immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR in BV-2 microglia. Transwell co-culture was used to verify the indirect neuroprotection mediated by modulated microglia. ResultsCharacterization results confirmed that the as-prepared PDA NPs were monodispersed spherical nanoparticles with uniform diameter and negative surface potential, demonstrating favorable dispersibility and robust ROS-scavenging activity. The TSPBA-PVA hydrogel exhibited a highly porous interconnected network, suitable mechanical strength, and obvious shear-thinning behavior, supporting its application as an injectable implant. More importantly, the hydrogel displayed typical ROS-responsive degradation and on-demand PDA NP release in a ROS-concentration-dependent manner. In vitro cellular experiments demonstrated that the PDA NP-loaded hydrogel possessed excellent biocompatibility with HT22 cells. In the OGD/R model, the hydrogel significantly reduced intracellular ROS accumulation and markedly suppressed neuronal apoptosis. Furthermore, the composite hydrogel effectively redirected BV-2 microglia from the pro-inflammatory M1 toward the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes, downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and reduced inflammatory damage. Transwell co-culture assays further validated that M2-polarized microglia mediated by the hydrogel significantly enhanced the survival of OGD/R-injured HT22 neurons and attenuated apoptosis. ConclusionIn this study, we successfully developed a novel injectable ROS-responsive hydrogel loaded with PDA NPs for synergistic antioxidative and anti-inflammatory neuroprotection. This intelligent hydrogel system enables ROS-triggered on-demand release of PDA NPs, efficiently scavenges excessive ROS, inhibits oxidative stress injury, modulates microglial polarization, and suppresses neuroinflammation, thereby exerting robust neuroprotective effects in vitro. This biomaterial platform provides a promising strategy for the targeted and controlled delivery of bioactive nanomaterials in the central nervous system diseases and establishes a solid experimental foundation for the development of in situ injectable therapies for ischemic brain injury.

Objective To investigate the incidence rate,clinical characteristics,and prognosis of neonatal stroke in Shenzhen,China.Methods Led by Shenzhen Children's Hospital,the Shenzhen Neonatal Data Collaboration Network organized 21 institutions to collect 36 cases of neonatal stroke from January 2020 to December 2022.The incidence,clinical characteristics,treatment,and prognosis of neonatal stroke in Shenzhen were analyzed.Results The incidence rate of neonatal stroke in 21 hospitals from 2020 to 2022 was 1/15 137,1/6 060,and 1/7 704,respectively.Ischemic stroke accounted for 75％(27/36);boys accounted for 64％(23/36).Among the 36 neonates,31(86％)had disease onset within 3 days after birth,and 19(53％)had convulsion as the initial presentation.Cerebral MRI showed that 22 neonates(61％)had left cerebral infarction and 13(36％)had basal ganglia infarction.Magnetic resonance angiography was performed for 12 neonates,among whom 9(75％)had involvement of the middle cerebral artery.Electroencephalography was performed for 29 neonates,with sharp waves in 21 neonates(72％)and seizures in 10 neonates(34％).Symptomatic/supportive treatment varied across different hospitals.Neonatal Behavioral Neurological Assessment was performed for 12 neonates(33％,12/36),with a mean score of(32±4)points.The prognosis of 27 neonates was followed up to around 12 months of age,with 44％(12/27)of the neonates having a good prognosis.Conclusions Ischemic stroke is the main type of neonatal stroke,often with convulsions as the initial presentation,involvement of the middle cerebral artery,sharp waves on electroencephalography,and a relatively low neurodevelopment score.Symptomatic/supportive treatment is the main treatment method,and some neonates tend to have a poor prognosis.

Although social cognitive impairment is commonly observed in patients with schizophrenia, how to effectively assess it and the clinical value of such evaluations warrant further discussion. In 2022, the release of the "European Psychiatric Association guidance on assessment of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia" provided guidance for research and clinical practices in this field. This article aims to analyze the necessity, effectiveness, and feasibility of conducting assessments in clinical settings based on the recommended approaches outlined in the guidance, considering the current clinical landscape in China.

Although cognitive impairment is considered a core symptom of schizophrenia and significantly impacts functional outcomes, it is often overlooked in clinical practice. The European Psychiatric Association released “Guideline on Assessment of Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia” in 2022, providing recommendations for research and clinical practice. This paper interprets the neurocognitive aspects of schizophrenia covered in the guidelines, introduces neurocognitive assessment tools used in China and their application settings, examines the relationship between subjective and objective assessments of cognitive impairment, and briefly discusses the connections between neurocognition and positive and negative symptoms. The paper also considers the future development of neurocognitive assessment tools in China.

Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia emerges early and persists, is a core symptom that severely affects social functioning. In 2022, the European Psychiatric Association published the " European Psychiatric Association guidance on assessment of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia", presenting the latest evidence and systematic review results. The guidance recommends comprehensive and detailed cognitive assessments for all individuals with schizophrenia, emphasizing the phase of early intervention. In conjunction with the recommendations of the guidance and the current state of research both domestically and internationally, this article provides an overview of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, including definition, impact, selection of assessment tools, and limitations of cognitive assessments. It also connects with clinical practice in China, outlining the development and shortcomings of cognitive assessments for schizophrenia. It is suggested that a clinically simple questionnaire suitable for the Chinese population is needed to help physicians quickly identify cognitive impairment.

Cognitive impairment is one of the core features of schizophrenia and severely affects the prognosis of the disorder. Improving cognitive impairment is of great significance for alleviating symptoms, preventing relapses, enhancing the quality of life, and reducing the social burden in patients with schizophrenia. Based on the "Guidelines for the Assessment of Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia" published by the European Psychiatric Association in 2022, the article focuses on the intervention and management of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia patients following a systematic assessment, while also considering the specific context of practice in China. This paper reviews recent progress in cognitive impairment interventions for schizophrenia, providing clinical guidance across three key aspects: pharmacotherapy, physical therapy, and psychotherapy. Other interventions are also discussed. Additionally, it addresses the existing challenges and unresolved issues, aiming to provide a basis for decision-making in the current treatment of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia.

Although social cognitive impairment is commonly observed in patients with schizophrenia, how to effectively assess it and the clinical value of such evaluations warrant further discussion. In 2022, the release of the "European Psychiatric Association guidance on assessment of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia" provided guidance for research and clinical practices in this field. This article aims to analyze the necessity, effectiveness, and feasibility of conducting assessments in clinical settings based on the recommended approaches outlined in the guidance, considering the current clinical landscape in China.

Although cognitive impairment is considered a core symptom of schizophrenia and significantly impacts functional outcomes, it is often overlooked in clinical practice. The European Psychiatric Association released “Guideline on Assessment of Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia” in 2022, providing recommendations for research and clinical practice. This paper interprets the neurocognitive aspects of schizophrenia covered in the guidelines, introduces neurocognitive assessment tools used in China and their application settings, examines the relationship between subjective and objective assessments of cognitive impairment, and briefly discusses the connections between neurocognition and positive and negative symptoms. The paper also considers the future development of neurocognitive assessment tools in China.

Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia emerges early and persists, is a core symptom that severely affects social functioning. In 2022, the European Psychiatric Association published the " European Psychiatric Association guidance on assessment of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia", presenting the latest evidence and systematic review results. The guidance recommends comprehensive and detailed cognitive assessments for all individuals with schizophrenia, emphasizing the phase of early intervention. In conjunction with the recommendations of the guidance and the current state of research both domestically and internationally, this article provides an overview of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, including definition, impact, selection of assessment tools, and limitations of cognitive assessments. It also connects with clinical practice in China, outlining the development and shortcomings of cognitive assessments for schizophrenia. It is suggested that a clinically simple questionnaire suitable for the Chinese population is needed to help physicians quickly identify cognitive impairment.

Cognitive impairment is one of the core features of schizophrenia and severely affects the prognosis of the disorder. Improving cognitive impairment is of great significance for alleviating symptoms, preventing relapses, enhancing the quality of life, and reducing the social burden in patients with schizophrenia. Based on the "Guidelines for the Assessment of Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia" published by the European Psychiatric Association in 2022, the article focuses on the intervention and management of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia patients following a systematic assessment, while also considering the specific context of practice in China. This paper reviews recent progress in cognitive impairment interventions for schizophrenia, providing clinical guidance across three key aspects: pharmacotherapy, physical therapy, and psychotherapy. Other interventions are also discussed. Additionally, it addresses the existing challenges and unresolved issues, aiming to provide a basis for decision-making in the current treatment of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia.