Since the role of the liver in metabolic dysfunction, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, was demonstrated, studies on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) have shown associations between fatty liver disease and other metabolic diseases. Unlike the exclusionary diagnostic criteria of NAFLD, MAFLD diagnosis is based on the presence of metabolic dysregulation in fatty liver disease. Renaming NAFLD as MAFLD also introduced simpler diagnostic criteria. In 2023, a new nomenclature, steatotic liver disease (SLD), was proposed. Similar to MAFLD, SLD diagnosis is based on the presence of hepatic steatosis with at least one cardiometabolic dysfunction. SLD is categorized into metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-related/-associated liver disease, alcoholrelated liver disease, specific etiology SLD, and cryptogenic SLD. The term MASLD has been adopted by a number of leading national and international societies due to its concise diagnostic criteria, exclusion of other concomitant liver diseases, and lack of stigmatizing terms. This article reviews the diagnostic criteria, clinical relevance, and differences among NAFLD, MAFLD, and MASLD from a diabetologist’s perspective and provides a rationale for adopting SLD/MASLD in the Fatty Liver Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association.

Since the role of the liver in metabolic dysfunction, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, was demonstrated, studies on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) have shown associations between fatty liver disease and other metabolic diseases. Unlike the exclusionary diagnostic criteria of NAFLD, MAFLD diagnosis is based on the presence of metabolic dysregulation in fatty liver disease. Renaming NAFLD as MAFLD also introduced simpler diagnostic criteria. In 2023, a new nomenclature, steatotic liver disease (SLD), was proposed. Similar to MAFLD, SLD diagnosis is based on the presence of hepatic steatosis with at least one cardiometabolic dysfunction. SLD is categorized into metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-related/-associated liver disease, alcoholrelated liver disease, specific etiology SLD, and cryptogenic SLD. The term MASLD has been adopted by a number of leading national and international societies due to its concise diagnostic criteria, exclusion of other concomitant liver diseases, and lack of stigmatizing terms. This article reviews the diagnostic criteria, clinical relevance, and differences among NAFLD, MAFLD, and MASLD from a diabetologist’s perspective and provides a rationale for adopting SLD/MASLD in the Fatty Liver Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association.

Since the role of the liver in metabolic dysfunction, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, was demonstrated, studies on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) have shown associations between fatty liver disease and other metabolic diseases. Unlike the exclusionary diagnostic criteria of NAFLD, MAFLD diagnosis is based on the presence of metabolic dysregulation in fatty liver disease. Renaming NAFLD as MAFLD also introduced simpler diagnostic criteria. In 2023, a new nomenclature, steatotic liver disease (SLD), was proposed. Similar to MAFLD, SLD diagnosis is based on the presence of hepatic steatosis with at least one cardiometabolic dysfunction. SLD is categorized into metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-related/-associated liver disease, alcoholrelated liver disease, specific etiology SLD, and cryptogenic SLD. The term MASLD has been adopted by a number of leading national and international societies due to its concise diagnostic criteria, exclusion of other concomitant liver diseases, and lack of stigmatizing terms. This article reviews the diagnostic criteria, clinical relevance, and differences among NAFLD, MAFLD, and MASLD from a diabetologist’s perspective and provides a rationale for adopting SLD/MASLD in the Fatty Liver Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association.

Since the role of the liver in metabolic dysfunction, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, was demonstrated, studies on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) have shown associations between fatty liver disease and other metabolic diseases. Unlike the exclusionary diagnostic criteria of NAFLD, MAFLD diagnosis is based on the presence of metabolic dysregulation in fatty liver disease. Renaming NAFLD as MAFLD also introduced simpler diagnostic criteria. In 2023, a new nomenclature, steatotic liver disease (SLD), was proposed. Similar to MAFLD, SLD diagnosis is based on the presence of hepatic steatosis with at least one cardiometabolic dysfunction. SLD is categorized into metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-related/-associated liver disease, alcoholrelated liver disease, specific etiology SLD, and cryptogenic SLD. The term MASLD has been adopted by a number of leading national and international societies due to its concise diagnostic criteria, exclusion of other concomitant liver diseases, and lack of stigmatizing terms. This article reviews the diagnostic criteria, clinical relevance, and differences among NAFLD, MAFLD, and MASLD from a diabetologist’s perspective and provides a rationale for adopting SLD/MASLD in the Fatty Liver Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association.

Clinical practice guidelines for gynecologic cancers have been developed by many organizations. Although these guidelines have much in common in terms of the practice of standard of care for uterine corpus cancer, practice guidelines that reflect the characteristics of patients and healthcare and insurance systems are needed for each country. The Korean Society of Gynecologic Oncology (KSGO) published the first edition of practice guidelines for gynecologic cancer treatment in late 2006; the second edition was released in July 2010 as an evidence-based recommendation. The Guidelines Revision Committee was established in 2015 and decided to produce the third edition of the guidelines as an advanced form based on evidence-based medicine, considering up-to-date clinical trials and abundant qualified Korean data. These guidelines cover screening, surgery, adjuvant treatment, and advanced and recurrent disease with respect to endometrial carcinoma and uterine sarcoma. The committee members and many gynecologic oncologists derived key questions from the discussion, and a number of relevant scientific literatures were reviewed in advance. Recommendations for each specific question were developed by the consensus conference, and they are summarized here, together with other details. The objective of these practice guidelines is to establish standard policies on issues in clinical areas related to the management of uterine corpus cancer based on the findings in published papers to date and the consensus of experts as a KSGO Consensus Statement.
Committee Membership ; Consensus* ; Delivery of Health Care ; Drug Therapy ; Endometrial Neoplasms ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Female ; Humans ; Insurance ; Korea* ; Mass Screening ; Sarcoma ; Standard of Care

PURPOSE: This study was to assess clinically the success rates and technical complications of cement-retained implant-supported single crowns and splinted crowns with zirconia frameworks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 75 (single crowns: 51, splinted crowns: 24) cement-retained implant-supported single crowns and splinted crowns with zirconia frameworks which were restored in 67 patients were investigated for the evaluation of the success rates and technical complications. All restorations were cemented with temporary cement. Age, gender, restoration position, opposing teeth, restoration type were assessed as possible factors affecting technical complications. RESULTS: During the mean observation period of 22.2 months, cumulative success rates of all restorations were 66.9 (73.2 - 60.6)%. Retention loss was found in 16 restorations (single crowns: 14, splinted crowns: 2), abutment screw loosening and veneer porcelain fracture were found in each 2 single crowns, respectively. According to a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of single crowns and splinted crowns, the cumulative success rates were 58.9 (66.6 - 51.2)%, 87.5 (96.1 - 78.9)%, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference. The other possible factors did not have a significant effect on the technical complications. CONCLUSION: Retention loss was the most frequent technical complication. Abutment screw loosening and veneer porcelain fracture were found rarely in single crowns only. Age, gender, restoration position, and antagonist did not have significant effect on the technical complications. Splinted crowns had a higher success rate than single crowns.
Crowns* ; Dental Porcelain ; Humans ; Splints* ; Tooth

Hypokalemia causes metabolic alkalosis and morphological changes of the kidney. K⁺ balance is regulated not only by ion channels or pump gene, but also by various genes including NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Previous study suggested the possibility that Akt and ERK kinase may be involved in Nrf2 transcriptional gene activation. In present study, we investigate the alterations of Akt, p-Akt, ERK, p-ERK protein in both normal kidney and K⁺-deficient diet kidney using Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemisrty. Our western blot data showed that the expression of Akt and p-Akt was increased gradually in K⁺-depleted diet (from 1W-3W) compared to normal group. The expression of ERK and p-ERK was markedly increased in K⁺-depleted diet 2W in comparison with normal group. Based on our immunostaining results, Akt protein immunoreactivity was prominently increased in outer medullary collecting duct, especially in K⁺-depleted diet 2 weeks. The localization of p-Akt proteins in K⁺-depleted groups was not different from normal group, but the immunoreactivity was significantly increased in distal convoluted tubule, macula densa and outer medullary thick ascending limb in K⁺-depleted diet 1 and 2 weeks groups. ERK protein immunoreactivity was prominently increased in outer medullary collecting duct, especially in K⁺-depleted diet 2 and 3 weeks. The localization of p-ERK proteins in K⁺-depleted groups was not different from normal group, but the immunoreactivity was prominently increased in the nucleus of outer medullary collecting duct especially in K⁺-depleted diet 2 weeks. Taken together, we suggest that the expression of p-Akt was gradually increased in K⁺-depleted groups of kidney, but the expression of p-ERK was markedly increased in K⁺-depleted diet 2 week group. Hence, the promotion of AKT and ERK phosphorylation in hypokalemic condition may be involved in the regulation of ion channels, ion transporters and subsequent intracellular signal transduction.
Alkalosis ; Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Diet ; Extremities ; Hypokalemia ; Ion Channels ; Ion Transport ; Kidney* ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2 ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotransferases ; Rats* ; Signal Transduction ; Transcriptional Activation

PURPOSE: Although γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is well known to be associated with metabolic syndrome (MS), prospective data on baseline and longitudinal changes in GGT levels and incident cases of MS are limited. We aimed to examine prospective associations between changes in GGT levels over time, as well as at baseline, and incident MS in Korean adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 2579 Korean adults free of MS were followed up for 2.6 years. Data were collected from 2005–2008 (baseline) and from 2008–2011 (follow-up). Serum GGT levels were determined by enzymatic methods. RESULTS: During follow-up, 558 participants (21.6%) developed MS. A gradual increase in the incidence of MS was observed across GGT quartiles. After adjustment for confounding factors, the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) for new onset MS, comparing the highest to the lowest quartiles of baseline GGT, was 2.07 (95% CI: 1.52–2.80). The odds ratio for the highest GGT changes (>4 IU/L increase) in comparison to the lowest GGT changes (<-5 IU/L decrease) was 1.75 (95% CI: 1.32–2.33). Among participants with baseline GGT concentrations Adult ; Cohort Studies ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Incidence ; Odds Ratio ; Prospective Studies

β-Amyloid peptide (Aβ) is the main component of senile plaques in patients with Alzheimer's disease, and is known to be a main pathogenic factor of the disease. Recent evidence indicates that activation of NADPH oxidase (NOX) in microglia or astrocytes may be a source of Aβ-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS). We investigated the role of neuronal NOX in Aβ-induced neuronal death in mouse mixed cortical cultures. Cell death was assessed by measuring lactate dehydrogenase efflux to bathing media 24 or 48 hr after exposure to Aβ₂₅₋₃₅, a fragment of Aβ with an equivalent neurotoxic effect. Aβ₂₅₋₃₅ induced neuronal death in concentration- and time- dependent manners with apoptotic features. Neuronal death was significantly attenuated, not only by anti-apoptotic drugs, such as z-VAD-fmk and cycloheximide, but also by antioxidants, such as trolox, ascorbic acid, and epigallocatethin gallate. We also demonstrated that treatment with 20 µM Aβ₂₅₋₃₅ increased fluorescent signals in mixed cortical cultures, but produced only weak signals in pure astrocyte cultures in the presence of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCF-DA), an indicator for intracellular ROS. Increased DCF-DA fluorescence was markedly inhibited, not only by trolox, but also by selective NOX inhibitors, such as apocynin and AEBSF. Western blot analyses revealed that Aβ₂₅₋₃₅ increased the expression of gp91phox, a main subunit of NOX in cells. The above antioxidants, apocynin, and AEBSF significantly attenuated neuronal death induced by Aβ₂₅₋₃₅. Furthermore, the gp91phox-specific siRNA-based knockdown of NOX significantly inhibited neuronal death. These results suggest that activation of neuronal NOX is involved in Aβ25-35-induced neuronal death.
Alzheimer Disease ; Amyloid beta-Peptides ; Animals ; Antioxidants ; Ascorbic Acid ; Astrocytes ; Baths ; Blotting, Western ; Cell Death ; Cycloheximide ; Fluorescence ; Humans ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; Mice ; Microglia ; NADP ; NADPH Oxidase ; Neurons ; Plaque, Amyloid ; Reactive Oxygen Species

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathologic characteristics of colon cancers detected at the SOK Sokpeynhan Internal Medical Network, a nationwide system of primary health care institutions. METHODS: We analyzed 579 colon cancer patients diagnosed using colonoscopy at the SOK network from January 2011 through December 2012. Cancers from the rectum to the splenic flexure were classified as left colon cancer. Patients over 65 were classified as senior. RESULTS: The mean age (+/-SD) of subjects was 60.9+/-10.5 years and 61.1% were men. More than one quarter (28.2%) of patients were asymptomatic. The prevalence of left colon cancer was higher (77.9%) than that for right colon cancer. The most frequent macroscopic and histologic types were depressed (58.9%) and moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma (52.2%), respectively. Asymptomatic subjects displayed protruding or well differentiated adenocarcinoma, while symptomatic patients were more likely to display depressed or moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma (P<0.05). The mean age of the right colon cancer group was higher than that for the left colon cancer group (P<0.05). Among symptomatic patients, the most frequent symptoms were bloody stool for patients with left colon cancer and abdominal discomfort for patients with right colon cancer (P<0.05). The prevalence of depressed cancer was higher in older subjects as compared to younger subjects (P<0.05). The prevalence of right colon cancer tended to increase with age, although this difference did not achieve statistical significance (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Study results indicated an increase of colon cancer amongst younger demographics in recent years. The effectiveness of colonoscopy screening was also evident, as asymptomatic patients demonstrated frequent findings of well differentiated adenocarcinomas. Study results also suggested a need for closer examination of older patients, as right colon cancer tended to increase with age.
Adenocarcinoma ; Colon, Transverse ; Colonic Neoplasms* ; Colonoscopy ; Demography ; Humans ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Population Characteristics ; Prevalence ; Primary Health Care* ; Rectum