Orthodontic treatment is the primary method for correcting malocclusion.However,with the continuous increase in the number of patients,the shortage of orthodontists and the lack of standardized diagnosis and treatment have become increasingly prominent,resulting in difficulties in patients'access to care and variability in treatment quality.Traditional orthodontic diagnosis and treatment heavily rely on doctors'experience,which is highly subjective and inefficient,and thus cannot meet the growing demand for precise and standardized medical care.The strengths of artificial intelligence(AI)in data processing,pattern recognition,and intelligent decision-making offer new technological pathways to address these issues.In recent years,AI-based diagnostic and therapeutic systems have shown great potential in improving efficiency in orthodontics and optimizing the consistency of treatment outcomes.This article systematically reviews the advances in the application of AI technology in clinical orthodontic diagnosis and treatment,focusing on its innovative practices in intelligent data acquisition,automated imaging analysis,personalized treatment planning,efficacy prediction modeling,telemedicine,and digital file management,aiming to provide a theoretical basis for promoting the intelligent and standardized development of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment.

Orthodontic treatment is the primary method for correcting malocclusion.However,with the continuous increase in the number of patients,the shortage of orthodontists and the lack of standardized diagnosis and treatment have become increasingly prominent,resulting in difficulties in patients'access to care and variability in treatment quality.Traditional orthodontic diagnosis and treatment heavily rely on doctors'experience,which is highly subjective and inefficient,and thus cannot meet the growing demand for precise and standardized medical care.The strengths of artificial intelligence(AI)in data processing,pattern recognition,and intelligent decision-making offer new technological pathways to address these issues.In recent years,AI-based diagnostic and therapeutic systems have shown great potential in improving efficiency in orthodontics and optimizing the consistency of treatment outcomes.This article systematically reviews the advances in the application of AI technology in clinical orthodontic diagnosis and treatment,focusing on its innovative practices in intelligent data acquisition,automated imaging analysis,personalized treatment planning,efficacy prediction modeling,telemedicine,and digital file management,aiming to provide a theoretical basis for promoting the intelligent and standardized development of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment.

Proteasome activator PA28γ,also known as Ki antigen,REGγ or PSME3,is first found as Ki antigen in the serum of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus,which belongs to 11S proteasome activator family together with PA28α and PA28β.In the amino acid sequence,PA28γ has 25%homology with PA28α and PA28β and its seven-subunit homomer is a 20S proteasome acti-vator,which mainly exists in the nucleus and participates in ubiquitin and ATP-dependent or independent protein degradation.More and more studies have reported the role of PA28γ in human immune-related diseases.This article reviews the function of PA28γ as a proteasome activator and its role in immune-related diseases including cancer,inflammation and virus infection-related diseases and other diseases in recent years,so as to reveal the role of PA28γ in the occurrence and development of immune-related diseases and its potential as a target for immunotherapy.