Objective: To evaluate the risk of 10-year risk of ischemic cardiovascular disease (ICVD) in patients with type 2 diabetes aged 35 years old and above in two cities of Jiangsu province. Methods: From December 2013 to January 2014, a total of 15 624 patients with type 2 diabetes aged 35 years old and above, who received national basic public health service in Changshu county of Suzhou city, Huai′an and Qinghe districts of Huai′an city, Jiangsu province, were recruited by cluster sampling method. Face-to-face questionnaire survey, anthropometric and laboratory measurements were conducted to collect exposures to ICVD risk factors. Improved Ten Year Risk Assessment Table of ICVD in Chinese was used to assess the risk score and the absolute risk of developing ICVD. Results: The participants were (62.2±9.7) years old, of which 6 137 were men (39.3%). Among the participants, the highest rate of exposure to ICVD risk factors was high systolic blood pressure (74.8%, n=11 685), followed by high total cholesterol (70.7%, n= 11 051).The score of 10-year risk for ICVD was (10.4±3.3) and the median (P₂₅-P₇₅) value of absolute risk was 15.6% (6.8%-32.7%). 16.7% (n=2 602) participants were under extremely high risk of 10-year risk for ICVD, 23.8% (n=3 714) under high-risk and 24.0% (n=3 746) under middle-risk. Among the total risk score of ICVD, age (49.1%), hypertension (17.7%) and diabetes (15.5%) accounted for relatively high proportion, however, smoking (11.0%) was the most important risk factor except for age (47.4%) and systolic blood pressure (20.5%) in male participants. Conclusion Patients with type 2 diabetes aged 35 years old and above in two cities of Jiangsu Province have a high risk of developing ICVD for 10 years, especially in elderly, female, hypertension patients and male smokers.

Objective To understand the ecological habits of Culex pipiens pallens in Shandong Province in winter. Meth-ods From December 2015 to January 2016,the overwintering conditions of Cx.pipiens pallens were investigated in Shandong Province. Results In Shandong Province,in rural districts,the overwintering places of Cx. pipiens pallens were basements, wells and caves;and in urban areas,they were air raid shelters,holes of city walls,sewers and flower cellars.Conclusion In Shandong Province,the overwintering places of Cx.pipiens pallens are mainly basements and holes,which are under high tem-perature and humidity,and away from light.Its larvae cannot overwinter.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of bivalirudin on reperfusion of coronary artery in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Methods In our study, we evaluated 245 patients with acute myocardial infarction who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention between April 2012 to May 2015. Based on the therapy during operation, bivalirudin were used in 122 patients and heparin was used in 123 patients. Study outcomes included immediate TIMI(thrombolysis in myocardial infarction)flow and CTFC(Corrected TIMI Frame Count)by angiogrophy once the target lesion was opened rates of ,in-hospital thrombocytopenia, bleeding events myocardial infarction, repeat revascularization and the incidence of MACE(major adverse cardiac events)in 30 days and 1 year. Results The mean heart rate was higher in the bivalirudin group(P=0.034). There was no significant difference between the two groups in laboratory results or interventional data(P>0.05). After the target vessel was opened, the effect of bivalirudin on slow/no-reflow in primary PCI has no difference between heparin in terms of TIMI blood evaluation or CTFC (P>0.05). Hospitalization data analysis showed that bivalirudin was able to obtain a higher activated whole blood coagulation time(ACT)value(P<0.001)with lower decrease in the number of platelets. Follow-up data of 30 days and 1 year showed no difference in the incidence of MACE and net adverse clinical events(NACE)between the two groups(P>0.05). Conclusions Bivalirudin has well efficacy and safety in patients with acute myocardial infarction in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing PPCI without increasing the incidence of slow/no-reflow.

Mercury is a global pollutant. Children are vulnerable to environmental toxicants. Seafood consumption is a major source of methylmercury exposure. In order to ascertain children's mercury exposure levels and study their relationship with seafood consumption, we conducted a cross-sectional study among preschool children in Shanghai. According to our data, the geometric mean of the mercury levels in children's hair was 191.9 (95% CI: 181.8, 202.4) μg/kg. These results indicate that high income may be a predictor of elevated mercury levels in children's hair. Intake of marine fish, especially tuna and pomfret, was documented in our study and found to increase the risk of high mercury levels. Frequency of fish consumption was positively related with hair mercury levels. Our study is the first to provide baseline data for hair mercury concentration among preschool children in Shanghai.
Child, Preschool ; China ; Food Contamination ; Hair ; chemistry ; Humans ; Mercury ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Seafood ; analysis ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo compare the compliance of using Actiwatch, parent report of sleep diary and sleep questionnaire in school age children, and to further evaluate agreement rates between actigraphy, diary, and questionnaire for children's sleep patterns.

METHODTwo primary schools in Luwan District were selected and first grade students without obvious physical and mental illnesses or sleep disorders were enrolled in the study. Each student was home-monitored with an Actiwatch for 7 days, meanwhile parents were asked to complete a detailed sleep diary during the Actiwatch monitoring days. Sleep questionnaires were distributed to their parents who were asked to fill in these on the last monitoring day.

RESULTForty-five children participated in the study, 36 children completed sleep assessments by all the three methods, and among them 20 were boys and 16 were girls. The mean age of those children was (7.26±0.42) years. The completion rate of questionnaire was 100%, of diary was 86.7% (39/45) and of Actiwatch was 93.3% (42/45). The completion rate between sleep diary and sleep questionnaire was significantly different (P<0.05). The satisfactory agreement between Actiwatch and sleep diary was reached with sleep diary overestimating weekday and weekend sleep duration by 26 minutes and 25 minutes respectively. The agreement rates between Actiwatch and questionnaire was insufficient for all variables with sleep questionnaire overestimating weekday and weekend sleep duration by 37 minutes and 38 minutes respectively.

CONCLUSIONSleep questionnaire is an easy and high compliance method for evaluating children's sleep pattern while sleep diary showed high agreement with Actiwatch. Using either of these methods for evaluating children's sleep pattern should be judged by research aim and sample size, and limitation of those methods should be considered when they are used in practice.

Actigraphy ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Sleep ; physiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVETo study the association between sleep hygiene and sleep duration and quality among school-age children, and to explore the risk factors related to poor sleep hygiene.

METHODSTotally 2019 grade-five children were sampled by stratified cluster random sampling from 10 primary schools in Shanghai, during November and December 2009. Questionnaires were used to investigate children and their parents. Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale (ASHS) was used to inquiry sleep hygiene of children; Children Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) was used to assess their sleep duration and quality; Family and Social Environment Questionnaire was used to collect demographic and socio-economic information. T-test, one-way ANOVA and multiple linear regression model were established to identify the risk factors for sleep hygiene.

RESULTSThe age of subjects was (10.81 ± 0.38) years old, 49.0% (989/2019) were boys. The ASHS total score was 125.43 ± 15.17, girls with better sleep hygiene than boys (127.05 ± 14.41 vs 123.74 ± 15.75, P < 0.05). The sleep duration was (9.47 ± 0.58)h/d, children slept less than 9 h/d had lower ASHS total score than those slept 9 - 10 h/d or over 10 h/d (121.69 ± 16.09 vs 126.17 ± 14.62 vs 126.50 ± 15.36, P < 0.05). Children with poor sleep quality had worse sleep hygiene than those with good sleep quality (121.00 ± 15.84 vs 128.36 ± 13.92, P < 0.05). Children with television set in bedroom had lower ASHS total score than the others (122.40 ± 15.76 vs 126.74 ± 14.66, P < 0.05). Children from single parent family had lower ASHS total score (117.90 ± 16.80 vs 125.94 ± 14.89, P < 0.05). Children whose father had irregular sleep or wake pattern had lower ASHS total score (122.65 ± 15.30 vs 125.89 ± 14.90 vs 127.79 ± 14.71, P < 0.05). The regression model confirmed that existence of television set in children's bedroom, single-parent family and father's irregular sleep pattern were the risk factors of poor sleep hygiene.

CONCLUSIONSleep hygiene was closely associated with sleep duration and quality among school-age children. Children with television set in bedroom, male, from single parent family and whose father had irregular sleep or wake pattern had worse sleep quality.

Child ; Female ; Habits ; Humans ; Male ; Quality of Life ; Sleep ; Sleep Wake Disorders ; Students ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVETo explore the exposure level and risk factors of heavy metal among Shanghai infants in their prenatal period.

METHODSA total of 1652 pregnant or puerperal women were recruited from 10 midwifery-qualified hospitals in Shanghai since October 2008 to October 2009, by the stratified cluster sampling method. They answered the questionnaire and their umbilical cord blood and serum were collected to detect the content of Pb, Hg, Mn, Cd, As and Tl. The risk factors were analyzed by single and multiple regression methods respectively.

RESULTSThe median value of the content of Pb, Hg, Mn, Cd, As and Tl were 41.00, 1.88, 4.10, 0.03, 0.86 and 0.02 µg/L respectively. The Hg concentration of pregnant women who ate fish for 4 - 7 times per week (9.7% (160/1652)) was 2.76 µg/L, which was higher than that of pregnant women who only ate fish for 1-3 times per week (49.3% (814/1652)) and those who seldom ate fish (40.0% (661/1652)); the Hg concentration in the two groups above were 2.41 and 2.03 µg/L separately. The difference had statistical significance (χ(2) = 36.40, P < 0.001). Meanwhile, the concentrations of Pb and Tl in the group of pregnant women whose houses were remodeled by PVC pipe (85.0% (1404/1652)) was higher than the concentrations in group of pregnant women whose houses were remodeled by galvanized pipe (15.0% (248/1652)); the Pb concentration in the two groups above were 45.54 and 40.00 µg/L (Z = 2.54, P < 0.05) and the Tl concentration in the two groups above were 0.021 and 0.018 µg/L (Z = 2.97, P < 0.05). However, the As concentration in the group of PVC pipe remodeled was 4.33 µg/L, which was lower than that in the group of galvanized pipe (9.37 µg/L). The difference had statistical significance (Z = 3.99, P < 0.01). The concentrations of Mn, Cd and Tl in the groups of pregnant women whose house had been remodeled in the last 3 years (38.0% (628/1652)) were 14.78, 0.51 and 0.022 µg/L separately, which were all significantly higher than those in the groups of women whose houses' were not remodeled (62.0% (1024/1652)), whose concentrations were 11.01, 0.29 and 0.02 µg/L respectively. The differences had statistical significance (Mn: Z = 2.46, P < 0.05; Cd: Z = 2.38, P < 0.05; Tl: Z = 2.81, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe infants in Shanghai were exposed to heavy metals in their prenatal period. The main sources of the exposure were daily diet and remodeled pollution.

Adult ; China ; Environmental Pollution ; Female ; Fetal Blood ; chemistry ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Maternal Exposure ; adverse effects ; Metals, Heavy ; adverse effects ; Pregnancy ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVEChina has undergone massive socioeconomic change during the past several years, and its impact on children's sleep is still unrecognized. Shanghai, as one of typical economically fast-developing cities, was chosen as observational city in this study, which was designed to explore trends in sleep quality in Shanghai school-aged children and related high risk factors on sleep quality.

METHODTotally 884 fifth grade school-aged students were sampled by stratified cluster random sampling method from 10 primary schools of Shanghai in 2005, then four years later in 2009, 2161 same grade students were sampled from the same schools. Chinese version of Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) was used to evaluate 8 sleep quality parameters among those children, and high risk factors on school-aged children's sleep quality were investigated as well.

RESULTThe prevalence of poor sleep quality decreased from 29.2% in 2005 to 27.9% in 2009, and among 8 sleep quality parameters, bedtime resistance decreased from 33.1% to 28.7%, sleep anxiety from 50.6% to 39.8%, night waking from 25.2% to 21.5%, and parasomnia from 51.2% to 45.8%. The factors, such as heavier homework burden, longer daily computer use, bright light during sleep, cosleeping, existence of chronic disease and irregular sleep habits of parents, were associated with poor sleep quality of school-aged children after adjusting for children's age, gender, and family social-economic status.

CONCLUSIONPart of sleep quality parameters improved during the past 4 years, but current situation is still tough with more than 1/4 poor sleep quality children. Helping children to develop good sleep hygiene as well as educating parents how to shape children's regular sleep habits might be effective methods to improve children's sleep quality.

Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Sampling Studies ; Sleep ; physiology ; Sleep Wake Disorders ; epidemiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Objective To explore the effects of forepaw sensorimotor deprivation in early life on hippocampus-dependent spatial reference learning and memory in rats. Methods Newborn SD rats were randomly assigned to experiment group (deprivation of forepaw sensorimotor function, n=53) and control group(n=55). Rats of postnatal day 13 (PN13) in experiment group were seleeted, and models of forepaw sensorimotor deprivation were established by microsurgical technique. Open field tests and Morris water maze tests were performed during the time periods of PN25(PN21-31), PN35 (PN31-39), PN45(PN41-50) and PN60(PN56-64) to evaluate the locomotor activity and spatial reference learning and memory, respectively. Results In open field tests, there was no significant difference in parameters of locomotor activity and exploratory behavior between the two groups (P>0.05). In Morris water maze tests, eontrol group performed significantly better than experiment group during training sessions and probe tests on PN25 and PN35 (P<0.05). While on PN45, although there was no significant difference between the two groups during training sessions, control group performed significantly better than experiment group during probe tests (P<0.05). Conclusion The deprivation of forepaw sensorimotor in early life has no signifieant effect on the locomotor activity and exploratory behavior of rats, but can impair the spatial reference learning and memory.

Objective To investigate the effects of television-watching and computer-using on sleep/wake patterns, sleep duration and sleep problems of school-aged children in Shanghai. Methods A total of 4 108 school-aged children from 10 primary schools of Shanghai were enrolled by multi-stage cluster sampling and surveyed by questionnaires. The information of television-watching and computer-using, family and personal condition was investigated by self-prepared questionnaire, and the Chinese version of Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire was employed to survey the sleep behaviors of children. The effects of television-watching and computer-using on sleep/wake patterns, sleep duration and sleep problems were analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis and Logistic regression analysis. Results The percentage of children who watched television≥2 h per day was 4.1% during weekdays, and that came to 49.2% during weekends. In terms of frequency of computer-using, most children reported "rarely" (88.2%, 0-1 time/week), followed by "often" (11.0%, 2-4 times/ week) and "usually" (0.8%, 5-7 times/week). With the age increase, the percentages of children who watched television≥2 h per day and those who "often" used computer gradually increased. It was revealed by multiple linear regression analysis and Logistic regression analysis that television-watching and computer-using were not only positively correlated with later bedtime, later wake time and shorter sleep duration but also significantly associated with sleep problems such as bedtime resistance, sleep onset delay, sleep duration disorder, sleep anxiety and parasomnia. Conclusion Television-watching and computer-using exert influences on sleep behaviors of sleep/wake patterns, sleep duration and sleep problems. Concerns about the potential negative effects of television-watching and computer-using on sleep behaviors may help to promote healthy sleep patterns and improve sleep quality.