Diphtheria is an ancient disease.Since the implementation of enhanced program of immunization by WHO in 1978,the global incidence of diphtheria decreased sharply.There were no diphtheria cases reported in recent years in China,but there were still diphtheria cases and outbreak reported in surrounding countries.It is necessary to strengthen the laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria in China to prevent the recurrence and for early detection of emergent and imported diphtheria cases.Here in this review,the laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria and its progress were summarized.

Objective To know the currently prevalent genotype of rotavirus strains in Ningbo City,which will help to the study of vaccine of group A rotavirus.Methods The VP7 fragments were amplified by RT-PCR and sequence analysis was conducted from 2 of the 11 virus strains.Results VP7 amino acid sequences homogeneity of the two strains Ningbo 06-1 and Ningbo 06-3 was 90.2%.They all shared higher amino acid sequences homogeneity with G1 strain Wa(95.1% and 87.7%,respectively)than with other serotypes(G types)rotavirus(

Objective To analyze the quality of measles breakout events and relative cases in order to offer the integrated,accurate,basic data for infectious disease anticipation and control.Methods Associate the measles breakout events with cases,the cases with organization type,and users'information with breakout events.As a result,the integrated data construct is created in order to analyze the index in detail. Results Measles breakout events substitute ration is 33.93%,measles breakout events without relative cases reporting rate is 12.50%.Relative cases reporting rate in time is 75.51% and substitute ratio is 12.07%.Conclusions There are still many problems in measles breakout events reporting and relative cases reporting.The local CDCs and hospitals should pay much attention to the data quality especially in the infectious disease outbreak and guarantee the data quality through more methods of quality control and evaluation.

Objective To compare the performance of two commercially available ELISA kits for detection of diphtheria IgG antibody to provide data for the proper kit choice. Methods Thirty-three serum samples from staff of the capital airdrome and two standard sera were tested for the evaluation of the kits.Commercial ELISAs were compared with respect to their reproducibility(intra-assay variation and inter-assay variation)and accuracy.Results For the detection of standard serum,intra-assay variation(Coefficient of Variation,CV)was 13.5507% for IBL kit and 5.9541% for Virion kit,the inter-assay variation(CV)was 9.9890% for IBL and 2.4728% for Virion kit.For the serum sample,intra-assay variation(CV)was 14.5270% for IBL and 11.0612% for Virion,the inter-assay variation(CV)11.0039% for IBL and 8.1506% for Virion kit.For the detection of standard serum,inter-assay variation(CV)was 9.9890% for IBL and 2.4728% for Virion.The accuracy was analyzed by variation between the actual concentration and measured concentration of standard serum,the CV was 17.6889% for IBL and 1.3966% for Virion.Conclusion The intra-assay and inter-assay variation of the two kits are generally acceptable(CV

Objective To evaluate protective efficacy of attenuated live hepatitis A vaccine.Methods We searched MEDLINE,EMBASE,CNKI.The randomization,concealment of allocation and blinding were included in the study. Results Meta analysis based on included studies showed that both strain of H2 and L-A-1 attenuated live hepatitis A vaccine had good protective efficacy,the protective efficacy is related to the titer of vaccine.The titer

The introduction of pertussis vaccines has greatly decreased the incidence of pertussis,but pertussis is still one of the most common epidemic diseases responsible for infant and child morbidity and mortality,and is perceived as a serious public health problem in many countries.The advent of acellular vaccines has constituted an important advance in the acceptance of the immunization and consequently the control of the disease.Acellular pertussis vaccines result in fewer adverse reactions compared with whole-cell pertussis vaccines,and the efficacy of acellular vaccines is similar to whole-cell pertussis vaccines.This review summarizes the characteristics of virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis.Acellular pertussis vaccines in term of efficacy,safety,and use are discussed emphatically.

Objective To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of Shigella flexneri 2a conjugate vaccine.Methods A random and double blind study were carried out to compare the safety sero conversion rates and geometric mean titer(GMT)increase of Shigella flexneri 2a conjugate vaccine with phosphate-buffered saline used as control.Results The results showed that no severe systemic and local reaction rates occurred in trial group,which were not statistically significant compared with the control group.The seroconversion rate of both two weeks and twelve weeks after two doses(increased by 4 folds) were 86.27% and 79.74%;for GMT were 1∶361.83 and 1∶326.21 and increased averagely 1.08 and 0.98 times,which showed significant difference with those of the control group.Conclusion Shigella flexneri 2a conjugate vaccine was safe and its immunogenicity was good in group over 2 years old.Trialregistration National food drugs surveillance administrative bureau,"Medicine Clinical Experiment Written directive from a superior"2003L03808 number.

Objective To explore the immunization strategy at the endgame of poliomyelitis eradication in China.Methods To search the related study databases by the mean of evidence based medicine,and to investigate the update status of production and usage of polio vaccine in China.The general prospective analysis was conducted on aspects of the comparison of different immunization strategies,the feasibility of oral poliovirus vaccine(OPV)switching to Sabin strain inactivated poliovirus vaccine(Sabin-IPV)and the Sabin-IPV immunization schedule.Results The immunization strategy of OPV switching to IPV should be considered to choose in China because the domestic Sabin-IPV products will be registered soon and the switching feasibility is already provided with the conditions of police,technique,vaccine supply,and other guarantee.The routine immunization of Sabin-IPV can be carried out referring to the update OPV immunization schedule.Conclusion The study on immunization strategy at the endgame of poliomyelitis eradication should be further enhanced and the preparation of OPV switching Sabin-IPV should be considered in China.

Varicella is an acute,highly contagious respiratory and caused by Varicella-zoster virus(VZV),After the primary infection,VZV induce Varicella,then the virus remains dormant in sensory nerve roots in life.Upon the reactivation,shingles can occur.Most of patients can recovery very soon,but kinds of potentially sever complication can induce death.Nowadays the VZV vaccination isn’t included in the expanded immunization program in our country. Varicella outbreaks take place at times in the middle of children of our country.The paper offers concise description about pathogen characteristics,diagnosis methods,clinical character,epidemiology knowledge and strategy of prevention.

Objective To find out the differences on the knowledge,attitude and behavior related to Hepatitis B transmission between Hepatitis B patients and control group( healthy people) and to analyzing the risk factors of Hepatitis B transmission. Method Adopted case-control study, 50 people who were Hepatitis B patients and 100 people as control group were selected to conduct retrospective investigation. Results Skin wound, disqualified medical treatment,unhealthy habits and manners are high risk factors to Hepatitis B transmission.The knowledge,attitude and behavior of Hepatitis B are very important to prevent Hepatitis B transmission. Conclusion There was a misunderstanding on the knowledge about Hepatitis B transmission among Hepatitis B patients. They thought daily contact was the key way of HBV transmission. They underestimated the blood transmission and sexual transmission.We need to conduct more propaganda on the knowledge of Hepatitis B prevention to change peoples' unhealthy habits and behavior.