Objective To explore the practical principles in diagnosis of suspected vaccination related deaths.Method Collection information of four suspected vaccination related deaths,including clinic symptom,vaccination history,autopsy and final diagnosis.Analyzing and hypothesis of possible cause of death to exclude vaccine allergy and vaccine quality without enough attenuation and opened ample contaminated with bacterium and its toxin or performance error based on theory of allergy and regulations of vaccine producing quality and the vaccination management process combined with epidemiological survey.Results None of death caused by vaccination which were testified based on the four principle(1)the onset time longer than 2 hour after vaccination excluded from allergy,(2)cases not with the same batch of the vaccine or the patient without the symptom and the similar duration of incubation of the vaccine target disease to excluded from vaccine quality;(3)vaccine ample not opened long time before vaccination excluded from vaccine contaminated with bacterium and its toxin(4)not similar pharmaceutical agent put at the same place with the vaccine during vaccination excluded from the performance error.Conclusion The four principles in diagnosis of suspected vaccination related death was scientific,objective,practical,feasible and helpful in the investigation of suspected vaccination related death,especially for those who working in the grass-root such as county immunization management institute or township hospital.

Objective To reveal the trend of change incidence of hepatitis A(HAV)in Shandong province and explore dynamic analysis methods.Method Dynamic analysis was made on data of hepatitis A in Shandong province from 1990 to 2006.Results The reported incidence of hepatitis A patients dropped from 53.97/100,000 to 1.14/100,000 in Shandong province from 1990 to 2006,which showed a marked downward trend;the groups under the age of 10 dropped from 55.60% to 5.12%,the average age of incidence moved from 14.40 years old to 40.19 years old.Conclusion The incidence of hepatitis A has been changed from prevalent to sporadic in Shandong province,and there was a further downward trend;the age of the high-risk population has been shifted to older age group;the sex ratio of incidence between males and females in the population above 10 years of age had an expansion trend,the age distribution curve differences between males and females was also expanded.

Objective It is well known that vaccines and national immunization program have helped to protect peoples,especially the children from infectious diseases such as smallpox,polio,measles and pertussis across the globe.However,adverse events may occur following immunization,which may lead to public concerns about the vaccine safety.Such concerns may threaten the success of an immunization program.Prompt and appropriate responses to adverse events can help to avoid the negative impacts to the National Immunization Program of China.

Objective To assess willingness to pay(wtp)for typhoid vi vaccine in typhoid epidemic area in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and to provide evidence for introduction of the vaccine.Methods Applying the method of wtp was investigated in typhoid epidemic area,the curve of "price-accept ratio model"was drawn up with Probit regression.Results The formula of "price-accept ratio model" was described as following:Probit(p)=0.88952-0.46296X.The WTP for typhoid vi vaccine was $10.41,with a 95% confidence interval of $6.67～16.24.Conclusions WTP for typhoid vi vaccine was around $10 in Guangxi typhoid epidemic area.The Contingent Valuation Method was applicable in the investigation of WTP.

Objectives To understand the vaccination situation of left-behind children in rural areas,provide the evidence for developing vaccination strategies for left-behind children.Methods The counties with population over 1,000,000 were selected from Anhui and Sichuan provinces respectively to conduct survery to the children who were born between the year 2003 and 2006,and had registration on vaccination book(card).Results The proportion of left-behind and outflow children are 17.94% and 6.05% respectively.The information about the children’s parents going out most came from village doctors. The proportion of the parents going out after children born was 51.60%,staying outside for more than 10 months was 78.50%. 67.97% pareets came back home during the spring festival,35.43% left-behind children went out with their parents.Conclusion Although the number of outflow children was smaller than the left-behind children,it was easy to develop immunization gap. It is the difficult part of management on EPI to migraut children. The information aboat the children’s parents going out mostly came from village doctors. It is impotant to mobilize the enthusiasm of doctors.It is especially essential that we should propagandize to the people with vaccination knowledge to the pareets came back home during spring festival.

Objective To compare the safety and immunogenicity between domestic and imported,imported and imported split influenza virus vaccine in Chinese population. Methods The published studies during January 1996 and June 2008 on the comparison between split influenza virus vaccine were screened and evaluated.The meta analysis was performed on safety and immunogenicity using fixed model or random model according the heterogeneity of the studies. Results 12 studies which were all random controlled trials between split vaccine were included.10 trials were between domestic and imported vaccine,and 2 trials were between imported and imported vaccine.For 10 domestic and imported vaccine trials,the local reaction pooled OR=0.81,95% CI (0.59,1.11);the systemic reaction the pooled OR=0.78,95% CI (0.50,1.03);the H1N1 subtype seroconversion pooled OR= 0.94,95% CI (0.78,1.14);the H3N2 subtype seroconversion pooled OR =1.01,95% CI (0.87,1.17);the B type seroconversion total OR= 1.35,95% CI (0.98,1.85).For 2 imported and imported vaccine trials,the local reaction pooled OR = 1.19,95% CI (0.60,2.37);the systemic reaction the pooled OR =1.15,95% CI (0.71,1.87);the H1N1 subtype seroconversion pooled OR= 1.27,95% CI (0.37,4.37);the H3N2 subtype seroconversion pooled OR= 1.29,95% CI (0.39,4.33);the B type seroconversion pooled OR= 0.95,95% CI (0.46,1.37). Conclusions There were no statistical difference on the safety and immunogenicity between domestic and imported,imported and imported split influenza vaccine in Chinese population.

Objective To know the status of Immunization program in Zhejiang Province.Methods The investigation on immunization program in zhejiang province was conducted,and the SWOT analysis was corducted to make a comprehensive evaluation.Results 11 citys,22 counties and 44 towns were investigated in this study,and the current immunization program in Zhejiang province were explored by SWOT analysis.Conclusion The SWOT Matrix,includes SO(strength-opportunity),ST(strength-threat),WO(weakness-opportunity)and WT(weakness-threat)can apply to make optimal strategy for the development of expanded program on immunization.

Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) is a pathogen exclusively found in humans. It causes a wide range of infections from the upper respiratory tract to serious invasive diseases. Such as pneumonia, septicemia and meningitis. Strains of Hi are usually classif ied into six serotypes a to f and nontypeable H. influenzae (NTHI) according to the antigenicities and compositions of their polysaccharide capsules. Hib was a common cause of serious infections in younger children. The polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines against Hib had almost eliminated H. influenzae as a cause of pediatric meningitis. However, NTHI remains an important pathogen, particularly in children and the elderly. Efforts to understand and control NTHI disease have been hampered by the diversity of these bacteria. This review introduced the study progress about pathogenic mechanism of NTHI. In order to provide the help for development of vaccine, clinic treatment and prevent the occurrence of diseases causing by NTHI.

Virus-like particles (VLPs) structurally mimic the authentic virus whereas contain no viral genome. VLPs technique plays an important role in basic research such as virus assembly and virus morphology diversity. With special immunology properties, VLPs vaccine can induce immune response effectively. VLPs can act as adjuvant by regulating dendritic cells. Other adjuvant or polypeptide can be integrated into VLPs to construct chimeric vaccines. With the capability of packaging nucleic acid or other small molecules, VLPs can be used for vehicles to deliver these substances under suitable conditions. VLPs can substitute natural virus in immunology assay.

105 copies/mL would develop liver-related complications, such as cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver failure. Available evidences indicate that control of HBV replication with antiviral drugs can decrease the incidence of these complications and mortality.