As the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)in the perioperative treatment of melanoma is increasingly introduced at earlier stages,it presents a critical opportunity for the development and clinical translation of neoadjuvant therapy.The results of phaseⅠ/Ⅱ clinical trials on neoadjuvant ICI therapy for melanoma demonstrate that neoadjuvant ICIs effectively improve the pathologic re-sponse rate in melanoma patients.Recent studies have shown that combining ICIs with other treatment modalities,including radiotherapy,chemotherapy,and targeted therapies,can enhance antitumor efficacy of neoadjuvant treatment for patients with melanoma.Optimizing treatment regimens,managing adverse events,identifying and addressing pseudoprogression,and handling cases of oligoprogression have become key areas of research in incorporating ICI regimens into neoadjuvant treatment for patients with melanoma.The search for bio-markers to monitor immunotherapy efficacy is expected to become a major focus of future research.This article provides a review of the re-search progress,controversies,and challenges in the application of ICIs in the neoadjuvant treatment of melanoma,and discusses future re-search directions,aiming to offer insights into the clinical application and development of ICIs in melanoma neoadjuvant therapy.

Immunotherapy has recently shown significant potential in treating malignant tumors.However,the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment(TME)limits the number of patients who benefit from this approach.Combining ultrasound with drug-loaded microbubble technology can directly induce tumor cell death through cavitation and pore-forming effects;this promotes tumor anti-gen presentation and enhances immune recognition of these antigens.This strategy also modulates the immunosuppressive state of the tu-mor microenvironment,making it more conducive to an effective immune response.It also normalizes blood vessels and reduces interstitial fluid pressure within the tumor,as well as helps therapeutic agents or genes to penetrate tumor tissues,thereby enhancing overall immune efficacy.This review examines the use of low-intensity ultrasound combined with drug-loaded microbubbles to improve the tumor microen-vironment and boost tumor immune responses.

Colorectal cancer(CRC)is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide,and its incidence and fatality rates rank at the forefront of malignant tumors.In recent years,with the maturity of laparoscopic and robotic technology,and the application of new staplers,the efficacy and safety of surgery for CRC have improved;however,postoperative complications still seriously affect postoperative quality of life and survival time.Identification of nutritional predictors of CRC is conducive to the early identification of high-risk patients,reinforce-ment of individualized care,enhancement of the quality of peri-operative management,reduction in the incidence of postoperative complic-ations,and improvement of the short-and long-term prognosis.In this paper,the literature on nutritional predictors of postoperative com-plications of CRC was reviewed,the evaluation contents and efficacy of nutritional predictors were summarized,and their advantages and disadvantages were analyzed.The aim is to provide a reference for identifying nutritional predictors of postoperative complications of CRC that are readily accessible,low-cost,and adjustable pre-operatively.

This review summarizes recent advances in neoadjuvant immunotherapy for advanced gastric cancer.Through literature search in PubMed,Web of Science,and CNKI databases from 2020 to 2023,we systematically analyzed the mechanisms,clinical applications,and bio-marker research.Programmed death-1(PD-1)inhibitors combined with chemotherapy significantly improve patient outcomes,while mi-crosatellite instability(MSI),programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1)expression,and tumor mutational burden(TMB)have been identified as important predictive biomarkers.Multi-omics analysis shows great potential in identifying optimal responders,with pyroptosis-related gene scoring system(PRS)positively correlating with anti-tumor immune infiltration.Metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic regulation in the tumor microenvironment play key roles in immune evasion,while emerging targets such as Claudin 18.2 and combination targeting strategies further enhance therapeutic efficacy.Despite significant progress,precise patient selection and overcoming resistance mechan-isms remain major challenges.Future research should focus on biomarker validation,personalized treatment strategy development,tumor microenvironment dynamic analysis,and novel combination therapy exploration to improve clinical outcomes.

Pseudomyxoma peritonei(PMP)is a rare malignant peritoneal syndrome characterized by progressive intra-abdominal accumu-lation and redistribution of gelatinous tumor-derived mucins.This disease primarily originates in the appendix or ovaries and exhibits distinct biological behavior and clinicopathological features.Carbohydrate antigen 19-9(CA19-9),a critical tumor biomarker,is significantly correl-ated with the development and progression of PMP.This association renders CA19-9 increasingly valuable in clinical diagnosis and treat-ment.Furthermore,molecular biological characteristics of CA19-9,including structural properties,biosynthetic pathways,and mechanisms in mediating tumor metastasis,are systematically elaborated.These findings highlight the association between CA19-9 expression and PMP pathological grading,clinical prognosis,and therapeutic response monitoring.Additionally,the study thoroughly analyzed the synergistic role of CA19-9,alongside other tumor biomarkers,in PMP management.Based on current evidence,future research directions are proposed.These include the potential application of CA19-9 in early PMP diagnosis,its therapeutic utility as a molecular target,and the exploration of CA19-9-associated signaling pathways in PMP pathogenesis.The insights provide novel perspectives and a theoretical foundation for PMP-based precision medicine.

Colorectal cancer,one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide,involves various complex pathophysiological processes.With the in-depth study of molecular science,weidentified lactylation,a new post-translational protein modification,as a key regulator in the initiation and progression of colorectal cancer.Lactylation refers to the modification of lysine residues in proteins by the addition of lactyl groups derived from lactic acid.As a glycolytic end product,lactate accumulates in the tumor microenvironment and regulates gene expres-sion and cellular function by inducing lactylation of histone and non-histone proteins.This article describes how lactylation modification drives tumor immune evasion,metabolic reprogramming,and angiogenesis through epigenetic mechanisms,and elaborates on its impact on the occurrence,metastasis,and multidrug resistance in colon cancer.

Oral mucositis(OM)is a prevalent and debilitating cancer therapy-related side effect that significantly impairs the quality of life of patients with cancer.In this article,we review anticancer treatment-induced OM,elucidate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms,and discuss various preventive and therapeutic strategies,including basic oral care,nutritional supplements,cryotherapy,photobiomodula-tion therapy,and pharmacological interventions.While single modality treatments might yield certain clinical benefits,an integrated ap-proach,combining prophylactic measures with multimodal therapies,could more effectively reduce OM incidence and severity,promote mucosal healing,minimize the risk of serious complications,and enhance patient outcomes.

Esophageal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality in China,and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ES-CC)is the predominant histological subtype.Most people are diagnosed with ESCC at an advanced stage and are thus ineligible for surgical resection.The current therapeutic options for unresectable locally advanced ESCC are limited.The risks of recurrence and metastasis are high after first-line treatment,such as with definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy(dCCRT).Recent advances in targeted therapies and im-mune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)have expanded the clinical treatment options for ESCC.However,no consensus has been reached on whether maintenance therapy provides survival benefits or which maintenance strategies should be prioritized.We provide a systematic re-view of the progress of research on postprimary maintenance therapy for patients with unresectable locally advanced ESCC,with the goal of optimizing comprehensive treatment strategies and providing information for personalized therapeutic decision making.

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs),including lapatinib,pyrotinib,neratinib,and tucatinib,have become major therapeutic options for HER2-positive breast cancer.However,the use of these agents are often associated with adverse events,of which diarrhea is one of the most common and clinically significant.Diarrhea not only negatively affects the physical health of patients but also significantly impairs their quality of life,potentially leading to treatment delays or discontinuations.Therefore,the effective management of diarrhea is crucial to ensure patient adherence to HER2-TKI therapy and improve the patients'quality of life.Cur-rently,no multidisciplinary expert consensus in China exists regarding the management of anti-HER2-TKI-related diarrhea in breast cancer.Spearheaded by the Breast Cancer Integrative Rehabilitation Professional Committee of China Anti-Cancer Association,domestic experts from multiple disciplines,including breast oncology,pharmacy,gastroenterology,nutrition,and traditional Chinese medicine,jointly de-veloped a multidisciplinary expert consensus on the management of TKI-associated diarrhea in HER2-positive breast cancer.This consensus was formulated through a comprehensive review of domestic and international guidelines,relevant literature,and evidence-based medical research while considering the clinical practice in China.This consensus aims to provide clinicians with a set of multidisciplinary,compre-hensive guidelines for managing diarrhea associated with anti-HER2-TKIs to enhance the overall treatment outcomes and quality of life of patients with HER2-positive breast cancer.

One-step nucleic acid amplification(OSNA)technology is a molecular diagnostic technology that assesses the metastatic status of lymph nodes by detecting the expression level of cytokeratin 19 mRNA in sentinel lymph nodes(SLNs).It is characterized by its rapidity,ac-curacy,semi-quantitative nature,and high reproducibility,thereby providing comprehensive lymph node diagnostic information for clinical physicians.It is of great significance regarding avoiding secondary axillary lymph node dissection(ALND)or excessive ALND.The de-escala-tion treatment pattern for breast cancer is the current therapeutic strategy pursued by surgeons.SLN biopsy(SLNB)can help patients re-ceive more precise and personalized treatment,thereby reducing unnecessary treatment intensity and side effects while ensuring thera-peutic efficacy.This article reviews the application of OSNA detection in SLNB.