In recent years, the incidence of cancer in China has been increasing steadily. Advancing primary prevention measures for cancers could be an effective strategy to curb this trend. Diet has been considered a modifiable and shared risk factor for various cancers. Studying dietary patterns, with consideration of the interactions between foods and nutrients, has a practical implication for cancer prevention. This study provided an overview of dietary pattern extraction methods, summarized the research findings on the association between dietary patterns and cancers in the digestive system, respiratory system, and genitourinary system, and elucidated the potential mechanisms underlying these associations, in order to provide scientific references for future research in this field.

In recent years, the incidence of cancer in China has been increasing steadily. Advancing primary prevention measures for cancers could be an effective strategy to curb this trend. Diet has been considered a modifiable and shared risk factor for various cancers. Studying dietary patterns, with consideration of the interactions between foods and nutrients, has a practical implication for cancer prevention. This study provided an overview of dietary pattern extraction methods, summarized the research findings on the association between dietary patterns and cancers in the digestive system, respiratory system, and genitourinary system, and elucidated the potential mechanisms underlying these associations, in order to provide scientific references for future research in this field.

Objectives:To investigate the morphological characteristics of the lower cervical vertebrae in Chinese Han multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy(MCSM)patients and to compare it with European Caucasian MCSM patients.Methods:The MCSM patients who underwent expansive single open-door lamino-plasty(EOLP)between December 2016 and May 2022 at the Affliated Drum Tower Hospital,Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinique Du Parc,France were divided into two groups based on ethnicity.Group A consisted of 80 Chinese Han MCSM patients(42 males and 38 females,mean age 62.3±10.5 years),while group B consisted of 29 European Caucasian MCSM patients(15 males and 14 females,mean age 58.4±12.6 years).The lamina inner width(LIW)at hinge place,lamina outer width(LOW)at hinge place,lamina axis length(LAL)and lamina transverse angle(LTA)of the patients were measured on CT plain scan images before operation.Independent sample t-test was performed to compare the differences in C3-C7 imaging parameters between the two groups.Results:LIW and LOW decreased from C3 to C5,and increased from C5 to C7 in both groups.Group A was significantly smaller in LAL at each level than group B(C3:12.1mm vs 13.4mm;C4:12.5mm vs 13.5mm;C5:12.8mm vs 13.9mm;C6:13.1mm vs 14.4mm;C7:13.5mm vs 14.4mm),while larger in LIW(C3:2.8mm vs 2.4mm;C4:2.4mm vs 1.9mm;C5:2.2mm vs 1.7mm;C6:2.7mm vs 2.3mm;C7:4.1mm vs 3.7mm)with significant differences in C3-C6(P＜0.05).No significant differences were found in LOW and LTA between the two groups at each level(P＞0.05)Conclusions:In Chinese Han and European Caucasian MCSM patients,C5 is the thinnest lamina among the lower cervical vertebrae with the highest risk during grooving in EOLP,and the risk is theoretically higher in Chinese Han MCSM patients than that in Caucasian MCSM patients.

Hepatitis E virus(HEV)is one of the most common pathogens in acute viral hepatitis.There are at least eight distinct genotypes of HEV.Only humans can contract HEV genotypes 1 and 2,but zoonotic viruses like genotypes 3 and 4 are mostly spread by eating undercooked or in-fected pork in some affluent nations.As a result,boars,both domestic and wild,are typically regar-ded as primary hosts of HEV.Nevertheless,during the past few years,a growing body of research has demonstrated that a number of other wild ruminant animals,such as wild deer and goats,are also susceptible to HEV infection.Determining their participation in the epidemiological cycle of hepatitis E thus requires an understanding of the risk variables that influence the transmission be-tween wild ruminants and humans.With an emphasis on published serological and molecular re-search,this review offers a broad summary of the body of knowledge currently available on the epi-demiology of HEV in wild ruminants.It addresses potential risk factors that could impact the spread of HEV among animals as well as their potential to serve as a source of infectious zoonotic illnesses.It presents an overview of the most recent developments in the epidemiology of HEV in wild ruminants and offers a framework for HEV prevention and management based on science.

Objective To investigate the effect of Versican V0/V1 on biological behaviors of mouse dental papilla cells(mDPCs).Methods mDPCs were isolated from C57BL/6J mice at embryonic day 16.5(E16.5).A small interfering RNA(siRNA)constructed specifically for Versican V0/V1 was transfected into mDPCs.The silencing efficiency was verified by quantitative real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)and immunofluorescence staining.The proliferation rate of mDPCs was determined using EdU assay;the migration ability of mDPCs was evaluated by scratch test and transwell assay.Alkaline phosphatase(ALP)staining and aliz-arin red staining were used to assess the mineralization capability of mDPCs.The molecules related to odontogenic differentiation and mineralization at mRNA levels were measured by qRT-PCR.Results After siRNA transfection,the mDPCs of si-Versican V0/V1 group showed weaker proliferation and migration abilities compared with si-NC group(P＜0.01).An enhanced ALP staining intensity,miner-alized nodule formation and up-regulations of the molecules related to odontogenic differentiation and mineralization at mRNA levels(P＜0.05)were observed in the mDPCs of si-Versican V0/V1 group.Conclusion Versican V0/V1 silencing inhibits the proliferation and migration of mDPCs,but enhances the abilities of odontogenic differentiation and mineralization.

Objective:To seek the optimal melanin-removal method for hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, immunohistochemistry and molecular detection.Methods:Thirty-eight paraffin tissue samples of malignant melanoma diagnosed at the Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China between January 2018 and March 2022 were collected and used to make a tissue microarray. Melanin in these cases was removed using warm hydrogen peroxide, double oxidation depigmentation, modified potassium permanganate-oxalic acid or trichloroisocyanuric acid, followed by HE staining. The cases were divided into two cohorts: one was subject to the one of the above four methods to remove melanin first, followed by immunohistochemistry (SOX-10, Ki-67, HMB45 and Melan A), while the other was subject to immunohistochemical staining first and then a melanin removal. Following that, seventeen melanin-rich paraffin tissue samples were collected and depigmented using the methods described above. DNA extraction was then done, followed by assessments of DNA content and quality. Moreover, the completeness of melanin removal, the effect on HE and immunohistochemical staining, and the quality of DNA were compared between the depigmented methods.Results:Regarding the effectiveness of melanin removal, the modified potassium permanganate-oxalic acid and the warm hydrogen peroxide methods were the most effective, and both showed residual melanin in only 5.26% (2/38) of the cases. The trichloroisocyanuric acid method showed residual melanin in 10.53% (4/38) of the cases. The worst was the double oxidation depigmentation method, which showed pigment residue in 15.79% (6/38) of the cases. For HE staining, the percentage of good staining with the warm hydrogen peroxide method was 92.11%, higher than the other three methods. For immunohistochemical staining, the mean staining scores of immunohistochemistry first followed by melanin removal with modified potassium permanganate-oxalic acid, double oxidation and trichloroisocyanuric acid were 20.84, 26.63 and 35.02, respectively. These immunohistochemical staining scores were higher than those of melanin removal first followed by immunohistochemistry (8.70, 15.41 and 21.22, respectively). The mean staining score of melanin removal by warm hydrogen peroxide method followed by immunohistochemistry was 33.57, superior to that of immunohistochemistry followed by the melanin removal (19.96). Moreover, the staining scores of HMB45, MelanA and Ki-67 with immunohistochemical staining followed by trichloroisocyanuric acid method were 36.45, 33.79, and 36.24, respectively, while the staining score of SOX10 with melanin removal by warm hydrogen peroxide followed by immunohistochemistry was 34.39. The DNA was significantly degraded by modified potassium permanganate-oxalic acid, double oxidation depigmentation and trichloroisocyanuric acid, whereas the mean concentration of DNA extracted after melanin removal by hydrogen peroxide method was 59.59 μg/L, substantially higher than that of DNA extracted without melanin removal (30.3 μg/L, P=0.001). The A260/ A280 of DNA extracted after melanin removal by hydrogen peroxide was between 1.8 and 2.0 in all cases, and the A260/ A230 was above 2.0 in sixteen cases, suggesting high purity of DNA. However, the DNA extracted without removing the melanin showed poor purity, with A260/ A280 below 1.8 in eight cases and A260/ A230 below 2.0 in sixteen cases. Conclusions:Warm hydrogen peroxide showed the least melanin residue, superior HE staining and a minimal effect on DNA purity/quality compared to the other three methods. It thus appears most suitable for PCR, NGS and other molecular detection. Melanin removal with trichloroisocyanuric acid after immunohistochemical staining has the least melanin residual, and thus could be the most convenient and efficient. However, it is noted that the efficacy of the same depigmentation method varies with different antibodies. Therefore, the optimal depigmentation method should be selected based on the specific markers of interest.

BACKGROUND:Mesenchymal stem cells possess characteristics such as rapid renewal,targeted homing,tissue repair,and immune regulation,which provide potential for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.In most inflammatory diseases,interleukin-1β is highly expressed.Both exogenous and endogenous mesenchymal stem cells unavoidably exist in an environment with high interleukin-1β concentration. OBJECTIVE:To study the interaction of interleukin-1β with mesenchymal stem cells in inflammatory environment and the mechanism of its influence on the migration and adhesion of mesenchymal stem cells to provide a theoretical basis for adjusting stem cell therapy strategies. METHODS:The first author searched for studies involving interleukin-1β enhancing migration and adhesion of mesenchymal stem cells by computer on CNKI,WanFang,VIP,PubMed,and Web of Science using search terms"interleukin-1β,mesenchymal stem cell,nuclear factor-κB,MAPK,ERK,p38,migration,adhesion"in Chinese and English.The literature tracing method was also used to search for some of the literature.Finally,65 articles were included in the review analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)In the inflammatory environment,interleukin-1β can regulate the migration and adhesion ability of mesenchymal stem cells.This effect may be achieved by recruiting IRAK1 through interleukin-1RI and then activating TAK1 and IKK in turn.After IKK phosphorylation,nuclear factor-κB and ERK signaling pathways are activated or CXCR expression is upregulated through the p38 pathway to promote mesenchymal stem cell migration and adhesion.However,further standardized research needs to be carried out based on the genetic background of mesenchymal stem cells,the dose and processing time of interleukin-1β.(2)In vitro experiments using pre-stimulated mesenchymal stem cells with interleukin-1β can change the survival environment of mesenchymal stem cells and alter their secretion factors to make them develop towards a more anti-inflammatory direction.On the other hand,under the premise of producing higher levels of anti-inflammatory and pro-nutrient factors,extracted mesenchymal stem cell exosomes can exert anti-inflammatory effects.(3)It has been observed in various animal disease models that pre-stimulating mesenchymal stem cells with interleukin-1β regulates their immune regulation ability,thereby affecting the development and outcome of inflammation.However,this is limited to preclinical basic research only;further verification on efficacy and safety of stem cell therapy with interleukin-1β pre-treated mesenchymal stem cells is required in clinical settings.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by insulin resistance， hyperinsulinemia， and disturbance of glucose and lipid metabolism， with elevated blood glucose as the main clinical manifestation. Due to its complex etiology and pathogenesis， there is no effective treatment， which critically threatens human health and places a heavy burden on society and families. Saponins are a class of glycosides with complex structures that have the advantage of a wide range of sources， elevated safety， and low adverse effects. As an essential active ingredient in Chinese medicine， Chinese medicine saponins have a variety of biological activities such as hypoglycemia， hypoglycaemia， anti-inflammation， antioxidation， anti-tumor， and immune modulation. In recent years， numerous studies have shown that Chinese medicine saponins are effective in preventing and treating T2DM. Although there have been numerous studies on the hypoglycemic effects and mechanisms of Chinese medicine saponins， there has been no systematic review of the mechanisms of Chinese medicine saponins in the treatment of T2DM. Therefore， to provide a theoretical basis for an in-depth study of the hypoglycemic effects of Chinese medicine saponins and a scientific basis for the development and clinical application of drugs， this paper systematically summarized the hypoglycemic mechanisms of Chinese medicine saponins， such as improving islet β-cell function， improving insulin resistance， inhibiting glycosidase activity， reducing the inflammatory response， anti-oxidative stress， and regulating intestinal flora， and analyzed the current research problems and development trends.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of Loulianwan on the gut microbiota of db/db mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM）. MethodMale db/m+ mice aged 4-5 weeks were assigned to the normal group， and male db/db model mice of the same age were randomly divided into model group， metformin group （0.25 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， and Loulianwan group （13 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， with six mice in each group. Drug intervention lasted five weeks. The body weight， water intake， and fasting blood glucose （FBG） of the mice were recorded every week. After five weeks， the FBG， liver triglyceride （TG）， liver total cholesterol （TC）， glycated serum protein （GSP）， and fasting serum insulin （FINS） were detected， and the insulin resistance index （HOMA-IR） was calculated. The feces in the mouse intestines were collected， and the 16S rRNA sequencing technology was used to detect the structural changes in the fecal gut microbiota of mice in each group. ResultCompared with the normal group， the model group showed increased body weight， water intake， FBG， liver TG， liver TC， GSP， FINS， and HOMA-IR （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the Loulianwan group showed reduced water intake， FBG， liver TG， liver TC， GSP， FINS， and HOMA-IR （P<0.01）. The gut microbiota in the Loulian Lills group changed from phylum to genus level. The relative abundance of beneficial bacteria increased and the relative abundance of harmful bacteria decreased. Among them， the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila， Blautia， Ruminococcus， and Parabacteroides increased （P<0.01）. ConclusionLoulianwan can significantly improve glucose and lipid metabolism in db/db mice with T2DM， and its mechanism may be related to the increase in the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila， Blautia， Ruminococcus， and Parabacteroides in the intestine.