Previous studies have identified two group-level processes, neural representations of interracial between-group difference and intraracial within-group similarity, that contribute to the racial categorization of faces. What remains unclear is how the brain tracks race-related information that varies across different faces as an individual-level neural process involved in race perception. In three studies, we recorded functional MRI signals when Chinese adults performed different tasks on morphed faces in which proportions of pixels contributing to perceived racial identity (Asian vs White) and expression (pain vs neutral) varied independently. We found that, during a pain expression judgment task, tracking other-race and same-race-related information in perceived faces recruited the ventral occipitotemporal cortices and medial prefrontal/anterior temporal cortices, respectively. However, neural tracking of race-related information tended to be weakened during explicit race judgments on perceived faces. During a donation task, the medial prefrontal activity also tracked race-related information that distinguished between two perceived faces for altruistic decision-making and encoded the Euclidean distance between the two faces that predicted decision-making speeds. Our findings revealed task-dependent neural mechanisms underlying the tracking of race-related information during face perception and altruistic decision-making.
Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Young Adult ; Brain/diagnostic imaging* ; Brain Mapping ; Decision Making/physiology* ; Facial Recognition/physiology* ; Judgment/physiology* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Photic Stimulation ; Racial Groups ; Social Perception ; East Asian People

In this study, we investigated how empathic neural responses unfold over time in different empathy networks when viewing same-race and other-race individuals in dynamic painful conditions. We recorded magnetoencephalography signals from Chinese adults when viewing video clips showing a dynamic painful (or non-painful) stimulation to Asian and White models' faces to trigger painful (or neutral) expressions. We found that perceived dynamic pain in Asian models modulated neural activities in the visual cortex at 100 ms-200 ms, in the orbitofrontal and subgenual anterior cingulate cortices at 150 ms-200 ms, in the anterior cingulate cortex around 250 ms-350 ms, and in the temporoparietal junction and middle temporal gyrus around 600 ms after video onset. Perceived dynamic pain in White models modulated activities in the visual, anterior cingulate, and primary sensory cortices after 500 ms. Our findings unraveled earlier dynamic activities in multiple neural circuits in response to same-race (vs other-race) individuals in dynamic painful situations.
Adult ; Humans ; Brain Mapping ; Pain ; Empathy ; Racism ; Gyrus Cinguli/physiology* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Brain/physiology*

Objective: To systemically review the safety and efficacy of Absorb bioresorbable vascular scaffold (Absorb BVS) versus cobalt chromium-everolimus eluting stent (CoCr-EES) for treating the patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
Methods: We searched relevant literatures in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI and Wanfang database from 2008-01 to 2015-10, meanwhile, collected published data and randomized controlled trials from meeting abstracts and websites to compare Absorb BVS and CoCr-EES for treating CAD patients. The quality of literatures were assessed and extracted by modiifed Jadad score, Meta-analysis was conducted by STATA 12.0 soft ware.
Results: There were 4 eligible trials with 3,389 patients were enrolled. Absorb BVS group, n=2,164 and CoCr-EES group, n=1,225. During the mean of 1.1 years follow-up period, the following incidences were similar between 2 groups:target lesion failure (OR=1.29, 95%CI 0.95-1.74, P=0.10), all cause death (OR=1.31, 95%CI 0.60-2.87, P=0.50), cardiac death (OR=1.38, 95%CI 0.45-4.24, P=0.57), myocardial infarction (OR=1.30, 95%CI 0.93-1.80, P=0.12), deifnite or probable stent thrombosis (OR=2.08, 95%CI 0.95-4.54, P=0.07), re-vascularization (OR=1.03, 95%CI 0.80-1.33, P=0.81), target lesion re-vascularization (OR=1.06, 95%CI 0.67-1.66, P=0.81) and the patient-oriented composite endpoint (OR=0.95, 95%CI 0.66-1.35, P=0.76).
Conclusion: Absorb BVS and CoCr-EES had the similar safety and efifcacy for treating the low and moderate risk CAD patients who had angina, ischemia while without symptoms. The longer period of follow-up study and larger randomized, controlled clinical trials were needed for Absorb BVS application in clinical practice.