The c-Jun N-terminal kinase （JNK） signaling pathway， a key member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） family， plays a central role in the pathogenesis and progression of central nervous system （CNS） diseases by regulating core biological processes such as apoptosis， inflammatory responses， synaptic plasticity， and autophagy. This article sorts out and analyzes relevant literature published domestically and internationally in recent years， summarizing the mechanisms of action of the JNK signaling pathway in common CNS diseases and the research progress in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） interventions in CNS diseases through the regulation of the JNK signaling pathway. Studies have shown that active components of TCM， such as berberine， paeoniflorin， and astragaloside Ⅳ， as well as compound formulations like Heixiaoyao san， Ditan tang， and Buyang huanwu tang， can exert neuroprotective effects in various CNS disorders， including Alzheimer’s disease， Parkinson’s disease， cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury， and epilepsy， by inhibiting the aberrant activation of the JNK signaling pathway， thereby alleviating neuroinflammation， oxidative stress， and neuronal apoptosis， while improving synaptic function and cognitive behavioral deficits， regulating autophagy， and maintaining blood-brain barrier integrity.

Objective:To understand the regular leisure-time physical activity status of residents aged ≥60 years in China and to explore the potential influencing factors.Methods:National Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance were conducted in 298 counties (districts) in China in 2018, which covered 31 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities), using a multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method to select 194 779 permanent residents aged ≥18 years, using a questionnaire containing the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. A face-to-face survey to obtain demographic information about the survey respondents, the frequency of moderate and vigorous-intensity leisure-time physical activity in their spare time and time, and other information related to chronic diseases and risk factors. Daily temperatures of 298 monitored counties (districts) in 2018 were obtained by inversion of satellite remote sensing data information such as MODIS, OMI, and AIRS, and the number of parks in 2017 was obtained by me. In this study, 68 379 residents aged ≥60 years who completed the survey and had complete information on leisure-time physical activity-related variables, temperature, and parks were used as survey respondents, and the prevalence of regular leisure-time physical activity and average weekly exercise time was calculated by gender in groups of age, urban and rural areas, education level, and geography. Multi-factor logistic regression models were used to analyze the individual and environmental influences on the regular exercise rate. All the results were weighted according to a complex sampling scheme.Results:The prevalence of regular leisure-time physical activity of residents aged ≥60 years in China in 2018 was 13.1% (95% CI: 12.1%-14.0%). The figures were slightly higher for men [13.6% (95% CI: 12.6%-14.7%)] than for women [12.5% (95% CI: 11.5%-13.5%)]; urban [17.5% (95% CI: 15.9%-19.1%)] were significantly higher than those in rural areas [9.6% (95% CI: 8.8%-10.4%)]; the prevalence of regular leisure-time physical activity in East China [15.1% (95% CI: 13.3%-16.9%)] was higher than those in other regions; older residents in counties (districts) with ≥28 parks [17.3% (95% CI: 15.3%-19.2%)] the highest. The average weekly exercise time of elderly residents in China was 68.3 (95% CI: 63.5-73.2) minutes; among them, men [74.3 (95% CI: 68.1-80.5) minutes] was higher than women [62.5 (95% CI: 57.8-67.2) minutes]; urban [89.8 (95% CI: 82.0-97.7) minutes] were higher than rural [51.4 (95% CI: 46.8-56.1) minutes]. The results of the multi-factorial logistic analysis showed that factors such as: living in rural areas, lower annual household income for literacy, poorer self-rated health status, and lack of parks in the area of residence were associated with a lower prevalence of regular leisure-time physical activity among elderly residents. Conclusions:The prevalence of regular leisure-time physical activity among elderly residents in China is still at a low level, and exercise time needs to be improved. We should increase the publicity of "national fitness", pay attention to the disadvantaged elderly groups and provide more suitable activity places to encourage more elderly residents to participate in leisure-time physical activity.

Objective:To understand the prevalence of insufficient physical activity among adults aged ≥18 years in China and to explore the influencing factors.Methods:The China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance was conducted in 298 counties/districts in China in 2018, covering 31 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities). A multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select permanent residents aged ≥18 years. A questionnaire including Global Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to collect information about the participants' demographic characteristics and physical activity through face-to-face interview. A total of 183 769 participants completed the survey. After complex data weighting, the prevalence of insufficient physical activity, occupation, transportation, and leisure-time physical activity time was analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to analyze the influencing factors related to insufficient physical activity.Results:The prevalence of insufficient physical activity among adults aged ≥18 years was 22.3% (95% CI: 20.9%-23.7%) in China in 2018, with males [24.4% (95% CI: 23.0%-25.8%)] significantly higher than females [20.2% (95% CI: 18.6%-21.8%)]. Adults aged 70 years and above [28.4% (95% CI: 26.9%-29.9%)] were significantly higher than adults in other age groups, followed by adults aged 18-29 years [26.4% (95% CI: 24.4%- 28.3%)] and 30-39 years [23.4% (95% CI: 21.5%-25.3%)], and tended to increase with increasing education and total sedentary behavior time ( P<0.001). The weekly occupation, transportation, and leisure-time physical activity time appeared 958.6 (95% CI: 911.4-1 005.8) minutes, 234.5 (95% CI: 224.7- 244.2) minutes, and 88.6 (95% CI: 83.5-93.7) minutes, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that males, adults living in rural areas or northern China, ≥70 years, with junior high school education, an annual household income per capita <6 000 yuan and institutional/clerical/ technical occupation and longer total sedentary behavior time were related to a higher prevalence of insufficient physical activity. Conclusions:In China, over one-fifth of the adults had lower physical activity levels. Adults who are male, young adults, more educated, institutional/clerical/technical occupation, and with more extended total sedentary behavior are the populations that need to be focused on to promote physical activity-related health.

Objective:To identify the risk factors for postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) and develop the prediction model in elderly patients undergoing lumbar surgery under general anesthesia.Methods:The elderly patients undergoing elective lumbar surgery under general anesthesia in our hospital from July 2021 to July 2022 were enrolled. Cognitive function was assessed at 7 days after surgery using Mini-Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment. When the decrease in both scales≥ 1 standard deviation, the patients were considered as having POCD. The patients were divided into POCD group and non-POCD group according to whether POCD developed. The propensity score matching was used to balance the confounding bias between two groups. The multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors for POCD. The prediction model was constructed, and a nomogram was drawn for visualization of the model. The receiver operating characteristic curve, calibration plot and decision curve analysis (DCA) were drawn to evaluate the differentiation, consistency and clinical validity of the model, respectively.Results:A total of 159 patients were enrolled in this study, and the incidence of POCD was 31.4%. There were statistically significant differences in the ratio of intraoperative blood transfusion, cumulative time of hypotension, total infusion volume and operation time between two groups ( n=32 each) after propensity score matching ( P<0.05). The results of multivariate logistic regression showed that age, educational levels, diabetes mellitus, previous two or more operations under general anesthesia, APTT and cumulative time of hypotension were independent risk factors for POCD in elderly patients undergoing lumbar surgery under general anesthesia ( P<0.05). A model was developed based on the risk factors mentioned above: LogitP=-15.878+ 0.263 × Age (years) - 0.122 × Educational Level (years)+ 1.601 × Diabetes Mellitus+ 1.468 × History of General Anesthesia for 2 or more times+ 0.608 × Cumulative Time of Hypotension(min) - 0.140 × APTT (s). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.930 (95% CI 0.887-0.973), the sensitivity was 0.920, specificity was 0.798 and Youden index was 0.718. After visualizing the model via nomogram, the model was verified by Hosmer-Lemeshow test, P=0.403, C index was 0.930, and corrected C index was 0.914. Conclusions:Age, educational levels, diabetes mellitus, previous multiple operations under general anesthesia, APTT and cumulative time of hypotension are independent risk factors for POCD in elderly patients undergoing lumbar surgery under general anesthesia, and the established risk prediction model can effectively predict the occurrence of POCD in elderly patients undergoing lumbar surgery under general anesthesia.

The urothelium is a transitional epithelium which lines on the renal pelvis, ureter, bladder and proximal urethra adjacent to the bladder. It’s a permeability barrier. In the process of urothelial development or injury repair, the mature urothelial cells expressing uroplakin appears after the hierarchical transcription of a series of transcription factors in basal stem cells. Understanding normal urothelial differentiation process of the urothelial cells could be beneficial to uncover the development of urothelial carcinoma so that to provide targeted therapy options and the study of the urinary tract repair process after injury. In addition, the study of stem cell differentiation microenvironment also provides important theoretical support for tissue engineering and tissue reconstruction. In this review, we discuss the latest findings on urothelial cell differentiation and its clinical significance.

Thyroid carcinoma (TC) is one of the most prevalent endocrine malignancies worldwide. Patients with TC have high overall survival, but TC experienced the largest increase in incidence. Therefore, it is necessary to get further understanding of the mechanism involved in the development and progression of TC. The concept of the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) further illuminates the mechanism of tumorigenesis. Current studies indicate that psedugenic RNA, lncRNA, circRNA and mRNA, all of which may take part in the construction of ceRNETs as ceRNAs. These ceRNAs harbour the same miRNA response element (MRE) as mRNAs. Thus, ceRNAs can also competitively inhibit mRNA binding to the miRNAs, which results in affecting mRNA expression to exerts a pro-oncogenic or tumor-suppressive influence in tumor. Recently, a large number of studies have shown that ceRNA molecules play an important role in the malignant behavior of thyroid cancer. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize these studies. The purpose of this paper is to classify these ceRNA molecules in thyroid cancer and to elaborate the functions of these molecules in thyroid cancer.

Background and purpose:The previous research has found that the prostate stromal cells derived from different prostate zones have distinct effect on prostate epithelial cells. We also revealed that LMO2 protein was highly expressed in PZ stromal cells (PZSCs) and prostate cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) compared with TZ stromal cells. This study investigated the effect of LMO2 protein in prostate stromal cells on proliferation and invasion of prostate cancer PC-3 cells and its mechanisms. Methods:Lentivirus overexpression vectors were used to establish LMO2-overexpressed prostate WPMY-1 stromal cell line. shRNA plasmids were used to suppress LMO2 in CAFs. LMO2 mRNA and protein level of both WPMY-1 and CAFs were evaluated by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RTFQ-PCR) and Western blot. Then, PC-3 cells were co-cultured with different prostate stromal cells and the in vitro proliferation and invasion of PC-3 were measured by CCK-8 and matrigel invasion assays respectively. Results:When co-cultured with LMO2-overexpressed prostate stromal cells, both proliferation and in-vasion of PC-3 were improved. However, when co-cultured with CAFs which have inhibited expression of LMO2, the proliferation and invasion of PC-3 were reduced. The protein array proifling found that both interleukin-11 (IL-11) and ifbroblast growth factor-9 (FGF-9) were enhanced extensively in the supernatant collected from LMO2-overexpressed WPMY-1 cells. Conclusion:The expression of LMO2 in prostate stromal cells could be responsible for development of prostate cancer. Paracrine of cytokines, such as IL-11 and FGF-9, from LMO2-overexpressed stromal cells had effects on the proliferation and invasion of prostate cancer cells.

We collected the medical data of conscription physical examination from a certain county,Shandong Province,in August 2013.A cohort of 711 young males aged from 17 to 24 years were included.Among them,231 cases were diagnosed with varicocele (VC) with a prevalence of 32.49％ (231/ 711).Its grades were Ⅰ ° VC(n =5,2.2％),Ⅱ ° VC (n =165,71.4％) and Ⅲ° VC(n =54,23.4％).And 7 cases (3.0％) had surgical intervention.Our reported prevalence was significantly higher than that in the literature.Further researches are waranteed.