With the widespread application of robotic technology in surgery, multiple robot-assisted laparoscopic endoscopic surgical systems are currently in the R&D phase, highlighting an urgent need for establishing a scientific and standardized quality evaluation framework. In 2024, the National Medical Products Administration issued the standard YY/T 1941-2024, entitled Robotically-assisted Laparoscopic Surgical System, which specifies performance requirements and test methods for such systems. This standard provides critical guidance for the development of innovative products, technological advancement, and regulatory oversight. The standard offers clear definitions of relevant terminology and systematically standardizes the quality evaluation methods for these products across six key aspects: manual controller performance, instrument arm performance, system operational performance, safety protection functions, robotic surgical instruments, and software. This article interprets the core indicators outlined in the standard, aiming to assist clinicians in gaining a deeper understanding of the performance parameters of these systems and to support manufacturers in conducting quality assessments and risk analyses during product development, thereby promoting high-quality progress in the industry and related products.

Bone repair remains an important target in tissue engineering, making the development of bioactive scaffolds for effective bone defect repair a critical objective. In this study, β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds incorporated with processed pyritum decoction (PPD) were fabricated using three-dimensional (3D) printing-assisted freeze-casting. The produced composite scaffolds were evaluated for their mechanical strength, physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, in vitro pro-angiogenic activity, and in vivo efficacy in repairing rabbit femoral defects. They not only demonstrated excellent physicochemical properties, enhanced mechanical strength, and good biosafety but also significantly promoted the proliferation, migration, and aggregation of pro-angiogenic human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In vivo studies revealed that all scaffold groups facilitated osteogenesis at the bone defect site, with the β-TCP scaffolds loaded with PPD markedly enhancing the expression of neurogenic locus Notch homolog protein 1 (Notch1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), and osteopontin (OPN). Overall, the scaffolds developed in this study exhibited strong angiogenic and osteogenic capabilities both in vitro and in vivo. The incorporation of PPD notably promoted the angiogenic-osteogenic coupling, thereby accelerating bone repair, which suggests that PPD is a promising material for bone repair and that the PPD/β-TCP scaffolds hold great potential as a bone graft alternative.
Calcium Phosphates/chemistry* ; Animals ; Bone Regeneration ; Rabbits ; Tissue Scaffolds ; Printing, Three-Dimensional ; Humans ; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells ; Neovascularization, Physiologic ; Osteogenesis ; Tissue Engineering/methods* ; Biomimetic Materials ; Cell Proliferation ; Angiogenesis

Objective:To investigate the effect of β-elemene on mitochondrial structure and function of the A549 cells of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC),and to elucidate the mechanism of β-elemene in the treatment of NSCLC.Methods:The A549 cells at logarithmic growth stage were divided into blank control group(0 mng·L-1 β-elemene),low,medium and high doses of β-elemene groups(10,25 and 50 mg·L-1),and solvent control group(0.5％ethanol in equal volume).After treatment for 24 h,the cell activities in various groups were detected by MTT assay;the morphology changes of mitochondria in the cells in various groups was observed by transmission electron microscope;the levels of adenosine 5′-triphosphate(ATP)in the cells in various groups were detected by colorimetry;the mitochondrial membrane potential of the A549 cells in various groups were detected by JC-1 flow cytometry;mitochondrial membrane permeability transfer hole assay was used to detect the mitochondrial membrane permeabilities of the cells in various groups.Results:The MTT results showed that compared with blank control group,the cell activities in low,medium and high doses of β-elemene groups were decreased gradually(P＜0.05),while the cell activity in solvent control group had no significant change,and the difference was not significant(P＞0.05).The transmission electron microscope results showed that compared with blank control group,the mitochondria of A549 cells in low,medium and high doses ofβ-elemene groups showed swelling,vacuolation,disordered arrangement and dissolution,while the mitochondrial morphology of the A549 cells in solvent control group had no significant changes.The colorimetric method results showed that compared with blank control group,the ATP levels in the A549 cells in low,medium and high dose β-elemene groups were gradually decreased(P＜0.05),while the ATP level in the A549 cells in solvent control group had no significant change,and the difference was not significant(P＞0.05).The JC-1 flow cytometry method results showed that compared with blank control group,the mitochondrial membrane potential of the A549 cells in low,medium and high doses ofβ-elemene groups were decreased,and the percentages of the cells in Q2-4 region were increased(P＜0.05);the percentage of the A549 cells in the Q2-4 region in solvent control group had no significant change.The results of mitochondrial membrane permeability transfer hole experiment showed that compared with blank control group,the mitochondrial membrane permeabilities of the A549 cells in low,medium and high doses of β-elemene groups were increased,and the percentages of the cells in M4 region were increased(P＜0.05);the mitochondrial membrane permeability of the A549 cells and the percentage of the M4 cells in solvent control group had no significant changes,and the difference was not significant(P＞0.05).Conclusion:β-elemene can inhibit the proliferation of the A549 cells,and the mechanism may be that the mitochondrial structure of A549 cells is damaged by reducing the level of ATP and mitochondrial membrane potential,changing the mitochondrial morphology and increasing the mitochondrial membrane permeability.

Objective To investigate the effect of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS)on nocturnal ambulatory blood pressure monitoring results in older adults without cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases,and to identify factors causing fluctuations in nocturnal blood pressure in older adults with OSAS.Methods A total of 169 older adult OSAS patients with no history of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases were enrolled.According to their severity of OSAS,the participants were divided into 4 groups,including a normal OSAS group,a mild OSAS group,a moderate OSAS group,and a severe OSAS group.The baseline characteristics of the 4 groups were compared to identify differences.The relationship between polysomnography parameters and nocturnal ambulatory blood pressure monitoring results and the factors causing nocturnal blood pressure fluctuations in older adults with OSAS were further analyzed.Results The nocturnal blood pressure fluctuation(NBPF)index of the normal OSAS group,the mild OSAS group,the moderate OSAS group,and the severe OSAS group were 1.89±1.58,3.35±5.40,3.90±6.40,and 16.60±27.70,respectively,indicating that the NBPF index gradually increased with the increasing severity of OSAS(P＜0.05).According to findings from the partial correlation analysis,the NBPF index was positively correlated with apnea-hypopnea index(AHI),micro-awakening index(MAI),percentage of cumulative time with oxygen saturation under 90％in the total sleep time(TS90％),oxygen desaturation index(ODI),and the longest apnea time(LAT)(P＜0.05),and negatively correlated with the lowest oxygen saturation(LSpO2)and sleep quality index(SQI)(P＜0.05).The mean nocturnal systolic and diastolic blood pressures were positively correlated with AHI,ODI,and TS90％(P＜0.05).A multi-factor regression analysis showed that every time ODI increased by 1 unit,the NBPF index increased by 0.26 units(β=0.26;95％CI,0.03-0.50;P=0.030),and every time TS90％increased by 1 unit,the NBPF index increased by 26.78 units(β=26.78;95％CI,2.47-51.08;P=0.031).Conclusion In older adult OSAS patients without cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease,fluctuations in blood pressure at night become more pronounced with increasing disease severity.ODI and TS90％are important factors that affect nocturnal blood pressure fluctuations.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between changes in total plasma bile acid (TBA) levels and the remission of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients with obesity after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG).Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data and follow-up information of 20 patients with obesity and NAFLD undergoing LSG in Beijing Shijitan Hospital between Mar to Jun 2022.Results:Postoperative weight loss was significant. Compared to preoperative values, the weight of 20 patients decreased [(115.92±16.13) kg vs. (78.20±7.77) kg, t=15.675, P<0.001]. The BMI also decreased [(40.66±5.18) kg/m2 vs. (27.43±2.22) kg/m2, t=13.230, P<0.001]. The fatty liver index and hepatic steatosis index decreased significantly [(96.34±5.23) vs. (27.96±20.36), t=16.829, P<0.001; (55.15±6.73) vs. (37.55±4.30), t=16.294, P<0.001]. Plasma TBA levels significantly increased [(7.06±2.80) vs. (12.27±3.79) μmol/L, P<0.001]. Indicators related to glucose, lipids, and liver function in patients significantly decreased. Conclusions:LSG can significantly reduce body weight in patients with obesity and NAFLD and improve NAFLD. LSG can increase plasma TBA levels, and the elevation in TBA levels is positively correlated with the degree of NAFLD remission.

Liu Baoyi was a famous febrile disease expert in the late Qing Dynasty,who innovated the theory of latent febrile disease.Liu proposed that the deficiency of kidney essence and the deficiency of healthy qi were the prerequisites for the latent cold e-vil,and the exogenous cold evil was the inducement of the disease.He advocated the treatment of latent febrile disease based on the six meridians,with the two ideas of eliminating evil qi and strengthening healthy qi as the outline,and the general principle of treatment was to relieve heat,nourish yin and expel evil qi.He attached importance to the coordination of medicine and food,made good use of fresh medicine,attached importance to drug processing,emphasized the use of herb processed by herb,and adapted the medicine ac-cording to the syndromes.He preferred to use co-processed products for clinical use.The study of Liu's academic thoughts and medi-cation characteristics in treating latent febrile diseases is of great value in guiding the treatment and medication of various infectious and epidemic diseases with fever characteristics nowadays.

Liu Baoyi was a famous febrile disease expert in the late Qing Dynasty,who innovated the theory of latent febrile disease.Liu proposed that the deficiency of kidney essence and the deficiency of healthy qi were the prerequisites for the latent cold e-vil,and the exogenous cold evil was the inducement of the disease.He advocated the treatment of latent febrile disease based on the six meridians,with the two ideas of eliminating evil qi and strengthening healthy qi as the outline,and the general principle of treatment was to relieve heat,nourish yin and expel evil qi.He attached importance to the coordination of medicine and food,made good use of fresh medicine,attached importance to drug processing,emphasized the use of herb processed by herb,and adapted the medicine ac-cording to the syndromes.He preferred to use co-processed products for clinical use.The study of Liu's academic thoughts and medi-cation characteristics in treating latent febrile diseases is of great value in guiding the treatment and medication of various infectious and epidemic diseases with fever characteristics nowadays.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between changes in total plasma bile acid (TBA) levels and the remission of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients with obesity after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG).Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data and follow-up information of 20 patients with obesity and NAFLD undergoing LSG in Beijing Shijitan Hospital between Mar to Jun 2022.Results:Postoperative weight loss was significant. Compared to preoperative values, the weight of 20 patients decreased [(115.92±16.13) kg vs. (78.20±7.77) kg, t=15.675, P<0.001]. The BMI also decreased [(40.66±5.18) kg/m2 vs. (27.43±2.22) kg/m2, t=13.230, P<0.001]. The fatty liver index and hepatic steatosis index decreased significantly [(96.34±5.23) vs. (27.96±20.36), t=16.829, P<0.001; (55.15±6.73) vs. (37.55±4.30), t=16.294, P<0.001]. Plasma TBA levels significantly increased [(7.06±2.80) vs. (12.27±3.79) μmol/L, P<0.001]. Indicators related to glucose, lipids, and liver function in patients significantly decreased. Conclusions:LSG can significantly reduce body weight in patients with obesity and NAFLD and improve NAFLD. LSG can increase plasma TBA levels, and the elevation in TBA levels is positively correlated with the degree of NAFLD remission.

Objective:To investigate the effects of 2 650 MHz radiofrequency (RF) exposure on the behavior and neurotransmitter release of mice.Methods:Adult male C57BL/6N mice were divided into a normal control (CON) group and a radiofrequency radiation (RFR) group using the random number table method. The mice in the RFR group were subjected to single-dose whole-body exposure to a uniform 2 650 MHz RF electromagnetic field for 3 h. During the RF exposure, the field strength in the effective working area of the RF radiation platform was measured using an electromagnetic radiation analyzer, and the changes in the anal temperature of the mice were monitored using an optical fiber thermometer. Moreover, the changes in the cognition, social interaction, and emotion of the mice were determined through the new object recognition test, social preference test, and open field test. Finally, the changes in the hippocampal neurotransmitter release levels of the mice were detected using microdialysis sampling and mass spectrometry, and the changes in the hippocampal tissue structure and ultrastructure were observed via microscopy.Results:Under the test conditions, RF radiation improved the anal temperature of the mice, with a maximum increasing amplitude of 0.61℃, falling within the range of thermal safety. The mice in the RFR group experienced a significant decrease in the frequency and time for exploring new objects ( t=4.50, 2.53, P < 0.05) in the new object recognition test, a significant decrease in the frequency ( t=0.08, P<0.01) and time ( t=0.03, P<0.05) for exploring other mice in the social preference test, and no significant change in the frequency and time for exploring the central area ( P > 0.05) in the open field test. Compared to the CON group, the RFR group showed an increase in the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) ( t=-2.56, P < 0.05) and a decrease in the release of acetylcholine (ACh) ( t=2.21, P < 0.05), no significant difference in the release of glutamate (Glu) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ( P > 0.05), and no evident damage to the hippocampal tissue and structure and synaptic ultrastructure. Conclusions:2 650 MHz RF radiation may induce cognitive impairment and abnormal social preference in mice, which is attributed to neuronal dysfunctions and neurotransmitter release disorders under RF exposure.

Objective:To clarify the effects of microwave radiation on anxiety-like behavior, the histomorphology of the secondary visual cortex, and calcium activity in neurons.Methods:36 C57BL/6N mice were selected and divided into control group and microwave radiation group according to the random number table method. In the simple behavioral testing, there were 8 mice in the control group and 7 mice in the radiation group. Combining fiber optic recording with behavioral experiments, there were 8 mice in the control group and 7 mice in the radiation group. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was conducted with 3 mice in each group. A high-power microwave simulated source in the X-band with a center frequency of 9.875 GHz and an average power density of 12 mW/cm 2 was used to irradiate the mice for 15 minutes, establishing a microwave radiation animal model. Then, anxiety-like behavior changes in the radiation group were identified using the open-field and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests. The effects of microwave radiation on the histomorphology of the secondary visual cortex were investigated using HE staining and optical microscopy. Based on the genetically encoded calcium imaging technique, as well as optical fiber recording combined with behavioral paradigms in the open field and the EPM, the changes of calcium activity in neurons in the V2M region of the secondary visual cortex were detected. Results:Compared to the control group, the radiation group showed a significant decrease in the frequency of exploring the central region of the open field and the open arm of the EPM ( t = 2.24, 3.10, P < 0.05). Furthermore, the radiation group exhibited the degeneration and apoptosis of some neurons in the secondary visual cortex, primarily manifested as pyknosis and deep staining, cell body shrinkage, and the slightly widening of perivascular space. Fiber optic recordings and behavioral experiments indicated that compared to the control group, mice in the radiation group exhibited significantly increased calcium activities in neurons of the secondary visual cortex when exploring the central region of the open field ( t = -2.75, P < 0.05) or the open arm of the EPM ( t = -2.77, -3.41, P < 0.05) compared to those before radiation after microwave exposure. Conclusions:Microwave radiation can induce anxiety-like behaviors and histopathological changes in the secondary visual cortex. Increased calcium activity in neurons of the secondary visual cortex is proved to be an important mechanism underlying the changes in anxiety-like behavior due to microwave radiation.